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      Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Genotypes in Men Who Have Sex with Men and Men Who Have Sex with Women Using Multilocus VNTR Analysis- ompA Typing in Guangzhou, China

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          Abstract

          Background

          Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in China. Although C. trachomatis genotypes can be discriminated by outer membrane protein gene ( ompA) sequencing, currently available methods have limited resolutions. This study used a high-resolution genotyping method, namely, multilocus variable number tandem-repeat analysis with ompA sequencing (MLVA)- ompA, to investigate the local epidemiology of C. trachomatis infections among men who have sex with men (MSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW) attending a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in Guangzhou, China.

          Methods

          Rectal specimens from MSM and urethral specimens from MSW were collected between January 2013 and July 2014 at the Guangdong Provincial Center STD clinic. The specimens were sent to the laboratory for analyses. All specimens that were tested positive for C. trachomatis by the commercial nucleic acid amplification tests were genotyped by MLVA- ompA.

          Results

          Fifty-one rectal specimens from MSM and 96 urethral specimens from MSW were identified with C. trachomatis. One hundred and forty-four of the 147 specimens were fully genotyped by MLVA- ompA. Rectal specimens from MSM were divided into four ompA genotypes and urethral specimens from MSW into nine genotypes. No mixed infections were found among all specimens. The most frequent genotypes were D, G, J, E and F. All specimens were further divided into 46 types after ompA genotyping was combined with MLVA. Genotypes D-8.7.1 and G-3.4a.3 were the most frequent among MSM, whereas genotypes D-3.4a.4, E-8.5.1, F-8.5.1, and J-3.4a.2 were the most frequent subtypes among MSW. The discriminatory index D was 0.90 for MLVA, 0.85 for ompA, and 0.95 for MLVA- ompA.

          Conclusions

          The most prevalent MLVA- ompA genotypes were significantly different between MSM and MSW from Guangzhou, China. Moreover, MLVA- ompA represented a more favorable degree of discrimination than ompA and could be a reliable complement for ompA for the routine subtypes of C. trachomatis.

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          Risk of venous thromboembolism in people admitted to hospital with selected immune-mediated diseases: record-linkage study

          Sreeram V Ramagopalan, Clare J Wotton, Adam E. Handel … (2011)
          Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication during and after a hospital admission. Although it is mainly considered a complication of surgery, it often occurs in people who have not undergone surgery, with recent evidence suggesting that immune-mediated diseases may play a role in VTE risk. We, therefore, decided to study the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in people admitted to hospital with a range of immune-mediated diseases. Methods We analysed databases of linked statistical records of hospital admissions and death certificates for the Oxford Record Linkage Study area (ORLS1:1968 to 1998 and ORLS2:1999 to 2008) and the whole of England (1999 to 2008). Rate ratios for VTE were determined, comparing immune-mediated disease cohorts with comparison cohorts. Results Significantly elevated risks of VTE were found, in all three populations studied, in people with a hospital record of admission for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, chronic active hepatitis, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, myxoedema, pemphigus/pemphigoid, polyarteritis nodosa, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Rate ratios were considerably higher for some of these diseases than others: for example, for systemic lupus erythematosus the rate ratios were 3.61 (2.36 to 5.31) in the ORLS1 population, 4.60 (3.19 to 6.43) in ORLS2 and 3.71 (3.43 to 4.02) in the England dataset. Conclusions People admitted to hospital with immune-mediated diseases may be at an increased risk of subsequent VTE. Our findings need independent confirmation or refutation; but, if confirmed, there may be a role for thromboprophylaxis in some patients with these diseases.
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            Reproducibility and indices of discriminatory power of microbial typing methods.

            Craig P. Hunter (1990)
            When microbial strain-typing methods are compared, the most important characteristics are typeability, reproducibility, and discriminatory power. While typeability and reproducibility can be presented as numerical values, indices of discriminatory power have only recently been described. This paper examines the relationship between reproducibility and indices of discriminatory power. In an individual typing method, an inverse relationship between reproducibility and discriminatory power appears as the number of test differences required in order to distinguish between strains is increased. A method of standardizing the discriminatory power of a typing method to a predetermined reproducibility is presented. In this way the discriminatory powers of different typing methods can be compared while being standardized for the effect of reproducibility.
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              High-resolution genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis strains by multilocus sequence analysis.

              Hanna Skarin, Siv Andersson, Hans-Henrik Fuxelius … (2007)
              Genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis is limited by the low sequence variation in the genome, and no adequate method is available for analysis of the spread of chlamydial infections in the community. We have developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) system based on five target regions and compared it with analysis of ompA, the single gene most extensively used for genotyping. Sequence determination of 16 reference strains, comprising all major serotypes, serotypes A to L3, showed that the number of genetic variants in the five separate target regions ranged from 8 to 16. The genetic variation in 47 clinical C. trachomatis isolates of representative serotypes (14 serotype D, 12 serotype E, 11 serotype G, and 10 serotype K strains) was analyzed; and the MLST system detected 32 variants, whereas 12 variants were detected by using ompA analysis. Specimens of the predominant serotype, serotype E, were differentiated into seven genotypes by MLST but into only two by ompA analysis. The MLST system was applied to C. trachomatis specimens from a population of men who have sex with men and was able to differentiate 10 specimens of one predominant ompA genotype G variant into four distinct MLST variants. To conclude, our MLST system can be used to discriminate C. trachomatis strains and can be applied to high-resolution molecular epidemiology.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yung-Fu Chang: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 July 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0159658
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Guangdong Provincial Center for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
                [2 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
                Cornell University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: HPZ. Performed the experiments: XLQ YHX XQR. Analyzed the data: XLQ. Wrote the paper: XLQ HPZ. Collection of isolates and genotyping: BY JMH SJH XZW WYZ JLO YYL SMT.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-47813
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159658
                PMC ID: 4951006
                PubMed ID: 27434536
                SO-VID: 68c1d548-5325-4b84-98a4-1ad40f6dbfbf
                Copyright © © 2016 Qin et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 December 2015
                Date accepted : 6 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: Medical Science and Technology Research Funds Programme of Guangdong Province
                Award ID: No. B2013050
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangdong Province Science Funds
                Award ID: No. 2013B021800169
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
                Award ID: No. 2015A030313895
                Award Recipient :
                This work was supported by grants from the Medical Science and Technology Research Fundation of Guangdong Province (No. B2013050), Guangdong Province Science Funds (No. 2013B021800169), and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2015A030313895). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Medical Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Chlamydia Trachomatis
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
                Subject: Pathogens
                Subject: Microbial Pathogens
                Subject: Bacterial Pathogens
                Subject: Chlamydia Trachomatis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Bacteria
                Subject: Chlamydia
                Subject: Chlamydia Trachomatis
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Molecular Biology
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Genotyping
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Genotyping
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Infectious Diseases
                Subject: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Population Groupings
                Subject: Sexual Preferences
                Subject: Men WHO Have Sex with Men
                Subject: People and Places
                Subject: Geographical Locations
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: China
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Biogeography
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Biogeography
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Earth Sciences
                Subject: Geography
                Subject: Biogeography
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Population Genetics
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Genetics
                Subject: Population Genetics
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Population Biology
                Subject: Population Genetics
                Subject: Phylogeography
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Molecular Biology
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Subject: Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Research and Analysis Methods
                Subject: Molecular Biology Techniques
                Subject: Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension
                Subject: Polymerase Chain Reaction
                Subject: Biology and life sciences
                Subject: Molecular biology
                Subject: Molecular biology techniques
                Subject: Sequencing techniques
                Subject: DNA sequencing
                Subject: Gene Sequencing
                Subject: Research and analysis methods
                Subject: Molecular biology techniques
                Subject: Sequencing techniques
                Subject: DNA sequencing
                Subject: Gene Sequencing
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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