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El modelo agropecuario y su vínculo con el acceso a los alimentos: la experiencia cubana (1959–2019) <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: The Agricultural Model and Food Access: The Cuban Experience (1959–2019) </span>
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      Associations of common IL-4 gene polymorphisms with cancer risk: A meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Cancer incidence is dramatically increasing worldwide, therefore improved prediction and therapeutic methods are needed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes may contribute to carcinogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-4 gene polymorphisms have been intensively studied with regard to their associations with cancer. However, the results of these previous studies remain inconclusive. The present study, therefore, aimed to conduct a meta-analysis of previously published studies in order to clarify the association of IL-4 with cancer risk. Eligible published articles were searched in Medline, PubMed, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases up to March 2016. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to identify potential associations between IL-4 genetic polymorphisms and the risk of cancer. A meta-analysis was then performed on 10,873 patients and 14,328 controls for IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism, 3,970 patients and 5,686 controls for IL-4 rs2070874 polymorphism, and 1,896 patients and 2,526 controls for IL-4 rs79071878 polymorphism. A significant association with cancer risk was observed for rs2243250 and rs79071878 polymorphisms. In the subgroup analysis by cancer type, rs2243250 polymorphism was demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer and breast cancer, rs2070874 polymorphism was correlated with leukemia and oral carcinoma, and rs79071878 polymorphism was relevant to bladder carcinoma risk. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, IL-4 rs2243250 polymorphism was demonstrated to be associated with cancer risk in both Caucasian and Asian populations, rs2070874 was associated with cancer risk in Asian populations, while rs79071878 polymorphism was associated with cancer risk in Caucasian populations. In conclusion, the present results suggested that the IL-4 rs2243250 and rs79071878 polymorphisms were associated with cancer susceptibility. Further subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of IL-4 gene polymorphisms on cancer risk may vary by cancer type and by ethnicity.

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          Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms.

          Emad El-Omar, Charles S Rabkin, Marilie D. Gammon … (2003)
          Genetic variations in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes influence individual response to carcinogenic exposures. Polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1 beta and its endogenous receptor antagonist are associated with risk of Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms in gastric and esophageal cancers defined by anatomic subsite. We assessed polymorphisms of the IL-1 gene cluster and 4 other cytokine genes in a population-based case-control study of upper gastrointestinal cancers, including gastric cardia (n = 126) and noncardia adenocarcinoma (n = 188), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (n = 53), and adenocarcinoma (n = 108), and frequency-matched controls (n = 212). ORs for the different cancers were computed from logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. Proinflammatory genotypes of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-10 were each associated with more than doubling of the risk of noncardia gastric cancer. Carriage of multiple proinflammatory polymorphisms of IL-1B(o) IL-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor A, and IL-10 conferred greater risk, with ORs (and 95% confidence intervals) of 2.8 (1.6-5.1) for one, 5.4 (2.7-10.6) for 2, and 27.3 (7.4-99.8) for 3 or 4 high-risk genotypes. In contrast, these polymorphisms were not consistently related to the risks of esophageal or gastric cardia cancers. Polymorphisms in IL-4 and IL-6 were not associated with any of the cancers studied. A proinflammatory cytokine genetic profile increases the risk of noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma but not other upper gastrointestinal cancers, possibly by inducing a hypochlorhydric and atrophic response to gastric H. pylori infection.
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            Alternative activation of tumor-associated macrophages by IL-4: priming for protumoral functions.

            Hao-Wei Wang, Johanna A. Joyce (2010)
            Although macrophages were originally recognized as major immune effector cells, it is now appreciated that they also play many important roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, and are involved in a variety of pathological conditions including cancer. Several studies have demonstrated the contributions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying how TAMs differ molecularly from their normal counterparts and how the conversion to TAMs occurs have only just begun to be understood. TAMs have been proposed to exhibit phenotypes of 'alternatively activated' macrophages, though there has been limited evidence directly linking the phenotypes of TAMs to the alternative activation of macrophages. This review will focus on IL-4, the prototypic cytokine that induces the alternative activation of macrophages, and review current knowledge regarding the contributions of IL-4 to the phenotypes of TAMs and its effects on tumorigenesis.
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              Polymorphisms in inflammation genes and bladder cancer: from initiation to recurrence, progression, and survival.

              Qiong Dong, Jian-Qiu Gu, Xifeng Wu … (2005)
              Since chronic inflammation contributes to tumorigenesis, we hypothesized that the risk and clinical outcome of bladder cancer (BC) might be modulated by genetic variations in inflammation genes. Using the TaqMan method, we genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms in interleukin (IL) -6 (-174 G-->C), IL-8 (-251 T-->A), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; -308 G-->A), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG; Pro12Ala), and determined their associations with BC initiation and clinical outcome. We found that the IL-6 variant genotype (C/C) was associated with an increased BC risk (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.25 to 2.51). There were joint effects between the variant IL-6 genotypes and smoking status, and between the variant genotypes of IL-6 and other genes. To assess effect on recurrence, we grouped non-muscle-invasive BC patients according to intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) treatment status: no BCG, induction BCG (iBCG), and maintenance BCG (mBCG). In the Cox proportional hazards model, the variant IL-6 genotype was associated with an increased recurrence risk (hazard ratio [HR], 4.60; 95% CI, 1.24 to 17.09) in patients receiving mBCG. The variant PPARG genotype was associated with a reduced recurrence risk (HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.86) among untreated patients. In patients with non-muscle-invasive BC, the variant IL-6 genotype was associated with an increased progression risk (HR, 1.88; 95% CI, 0.80 to 4.11). In patients with invasive BC, variant IL-6 was associated with improved 5-year overall and disease-specific survival (HR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.94 and HR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.15 to 1.00, respectively). Inflammation gene polymorphisms are associated with modified BC risk, treatment response, and survival.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Med Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Mol Med Rep
                Title: Molecular Medicine Reports
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1791-2997
                ISSN (Electronic): 1791-3004
                Publication date (Print): August 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 June 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 June 2017
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 1927-1945
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, West China Second University Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
                [3 ]Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Professor Shangwei Li, Division of Reproductive Medical Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20, 3rd Section of Renming South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China, E-mail: lishangwei1125@ 123456163.com
                [*]

                Contributed equally

                Article
                Publisher ID: mmr-16-02-1927
                DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6822
                PMC ID: 5561993
                PubMed ID: 28656227
                SO-VID: 68fb6800-3576-48d1-b1f2-34a0c7c42cec
                Copyright © Copyright: © Jia et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 02 June 2016
                Date accepted : 07 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: interleukin-4,polymorphisms,cancer,meta-analysis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: interleukin-4, polymorphisms, cancer, meta-analysis

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