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      A Review on JC Virus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients

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          Abstract

          The polyomavirus (PyV), JC virus (JCV), is a small nonenveloped DNA virus that asymptomatically infects about 80% of healthy adults and establishes latency in the kidney tissue. In case of immunodeficient hosts, JCV can lytically infect the oligodendrocytes, causing a fatal demyelinating disease, known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Although the reactivation of another human PyV, BK virus (BKV), is relatively common and its association with the polyomavirus associated nephropathy (PyVAN) following renal transplantation is proven, JCV replication and its impact on graft function and survival are less well studied. Here we describe the biology of JCV and its pathological features and we review the literature regarding the JCV infection analyzed in the setting of transplantations.

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          Cultivation of papova-like virus from human brain with progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy.

          R Eckroade, B Padgett, Bruce Walker … (1971)
          Article 0 comments Cited 126 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Discovery and epidemiology of the human polyomaviruses BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV).

            Wendy Knowles (2006)
            Although discovered over thirty years ago, many aspects of the epidemiology of BKV and JCV in the general population, such as the source of infectious virus and the mode of transmission, are still unknown. Primary infection with both BKV and JCV is usually asymptomatic, and so age seroprevalence studies have been used to indicate infection. BKV commonly infects young children in all parts of the world, with the exception of a few very isolated communities, adult seroprevalence rates of 65-90% being reached by the age of ten years. In contrast, the pattern of JCV infection appears to vary between populations; in some anti-JCV antibody is acquired early as for BKV, but in others anti-JCV antibody prevalence continues to rise throughout life. This indicates that the two viruses are probably transmitted independently and by different routes. Whilst BKV DNA is found infrequently in the urine of healthy adults, JCV viruria occurs universally, increasing with age, with adult prevalence rates often between 20% and 60%. Four antigenic subtypes have been described for BKV and eight genotypes are currently recognized for JCV. The latter have been used to trace population movements and to reconstruct the population history in various communities.
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              Donor origin of BK virus in renal transplantation and role of HLA C7 in susceptibility to sustained BK viremia.

              Daniel L Bohl, Gregory A Storch, Caroline F Ryschkewitsch … (2005)
              In a previous study, we performed serial BK virus (BKV), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and detected active BKV infection in 70 (35.4%) of 198 renal transplant recipients. In the current study, pre-transplant donor and recipient samples were analyzed for BKV antibody titer and HLA alleles. Donor antibody titer was inversely proportional to onset of viruria, p<0.001, directly proportional to duration of viruria, p=0.014 and directly proportional to peak urine viral titer p=0.005. Recipient pairs receiving kidneys from the same donor were concordant for BKV infection, p=0.017, and had matched sequences of segments of the NCCR and VP1 genes that tended to vary among recipients of kidneys from different donors. We did not see an association of HLA A, B, or DR, HLA allele mismatches or total HLA mismatches and BK infection. However, all 11 recipients with sustained BK viremia received kidneys from donors lacking HLA C7, and 10 recipients also lacked C7. These findings derive from the largest and most comprehensive prospective study of BKV infection in renal transplant recipients performed to date. Our data support donor origin for early BKV infection in kidney transplant recipients, and suggest that a specific HLA C locus may be associated with failure to control BKV infection.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Clin Dev Immunol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Clin. Dev. Immunol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CDI
                Title: Clinical and Developmental Immunology
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1740-2522
                ISSN (Electronic): 1740-2530
                Publication date (Print): 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2013
                Volume: 2013
                Electronic Location Identifier: 926391
                Affiliations
                1Laboratory of Translational Research, Health Science Foundation “Ettore Sansavini”, Corso Garibaldi 11, 48022 Lugo, Italy
                2Department of General and Vascular Surgery, St. Joseph Hospital, Via San Vittore 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
                3Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
                4Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation “Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico”, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
                5Laboratory of Translational Research, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
                6Clinical Institute “Città Studi”, Via Ampere 47, 20133 Milan, Italy
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Hans Hellmut Hirsch

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2013/926391
                PMC ID: 3569895
                PubMed ID: 23424601
                SO-VID: 6ab6bccb-5fbc-4d78-8ec2-b2dc46de0f97
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Serena Delbue et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 2 August 2012
                Date revision received : 3 January 2013
                Date accepted : 3 January 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Immunology

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