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      Non-overlapping and Inverse Associations Between the Sexes in Structural Brain-Trait Associations

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          Abstract

          Personality reflects the set of psychological traits and mechanisms characteristic for an individual. The brain-trait association between personality and gray matter volume (GMv) has been well studied. However, a recent study has shown that brain structure-personality relationships are highly dependent on sex. In addition, the present study investigates the role of sex on the association between temperaments and regional GMv. Sixty-six participants (33 male) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and underwent structural magnetic resonance brain imaging. Mann-Whitney U tests showed a significant higher score on Novelty Seeking (NS) and Reward Dependence (RD) for females, but no significant group effects were found for Harm Avoidance (HA) and Persistence (P) score. Full factor model analyses were performed to investigate sex-temperament interaction effects on GMv. This revealed increased GMv for females in the superior temporal gyrus when linked to NS, middle temporal gyrus for HA, and the insula for RD. Males displayed increased GMv compared to females relating to P in the posterior cingulate gyrus, the medial superior frontal gyrus, and the middle cingulate gyrus, compared to females. Multiple regression analysis showed clear differences between the brain regions that correlate with female subjects and the brain correlates that correlate with male subjects. No overlap was observed between sex-specific brain-trait associations. These results increase the knowledge of the role of sex on the structural neurobiology of personality and indicate that sex differences reflect structural differences observed in the normal brain. Furthermore, sex hormones seem an important underlying factor for the found sex differences in brain-trait associations. The present study indicates an important role for sex in these brain structure-personality relationships, and implies that sex should not just be added as a covariate of no interest.

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          A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal.

          C Cloninger (1987)
          A systematic method for clinical description and classification of both normal and abnormal personality variants is proposed based on a general biosocial theory of personality. Three dimensions of personality are defined in terms of the basic stimulus-response characteristics of novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and reward dependence. The possible underlying genetic and neuroanatomical bases of observed variation in these dimensions are reviewed and considered in relation to adaptive responses to environmental challenge. The functional interaction of these dimensions leads to integrated patterns of differential response to novelty, punishment, and reward. The possible tridimensional combinations of extreme (high or low) variants on these basic stimulus-response characteristics correspond closely to traditional descriptions of personality disorders. This reconciles dimensional and categorical approaches to personality description. It also implies that the underlying structure of normal adaptive traits is the same as that of maladaptive personality traits, except for schizotypal and paranoid disorders.
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            Neural Responses during Anticipation of a Primary Taste Reward

            John P O'Doherty, Ralf Deichmann, Hugo D. Critchley … (2002)
            Neuron, 33(5), 815-826
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              Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings.

              Paul Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert McCrae (2001)
              Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that gender differences are small relative to individual variation within genders; differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and differences are broadly consistent with gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of gender differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, gender differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychol.
                Title: Frontiers in Psychology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-1078
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 904
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Laboratory for Translational Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
                [2] 2Geriatric Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven, Belgium
                [3] 3Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Maastricht University , Maastricht, Netherlands
                Author notes

                Edited by: Marina A. Pavlova, Tübingen University Hospital, Germany

                Reviewed by: Nicole Anderson, Brigham Young University, United States; Robert Kelvin Perkins, Norfolk State University, United States

                *Correspondence: Jan Van den Stock, jan.vandenstock@ 123456med.kuleuven.be

                This article was submitted to Gender, Sex and Sexuality Studies, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00904
                PMC ID: 6491880
                SO-VID: 6ca9c5c1-2ab8-4b7b-846e-d453a4d7624c
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Stam, Huang and Van den Stock.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 30 November 2018
                Date accepted : 04 April 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: sex,temperaments,voxel-based morphometry,brain-trait association,full factor model
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: sex, temperaments, voxel-based morphometry, brain-trait association, full factor model

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