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      Ozone affects pollen viability and NAD(P)H oxidase release from Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen

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          Abstract

          Air pollution is frequently proposed as a cause of the increased incidence of allergy in industrialised countries. We investigated the impact of ozone (O 3) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and allergen content of ragweed pollen ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Pollen was exposed to acute O 3 fumigation, with analysis of pollen viability, ROS and nitric oxide (NO) content, activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD[P]H) oxidase, and expression of major allergens. There was decreased pollen viability after O 3 fumigation, which indicates damage to the pollen membrane system, although the ROS and NO contents were not changed or were only slightly induced, respectively. Ozone exposure induced a significant enhancement of the ROS-generating enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. The expression of the allergen Amb a 1 was not affected by O 3, determined from the mRNA levels of the major allergens. We conclude that O 3 can increase ragweed pollen allergenicity through stimulation of ROS-generating NAD(P)H oxidase.

          Highlights

          ► O 3 reduces the viability of ragweed pollen. ► ROS and allergens of ragweed pollen were not affected by O 3 exposure. ► O 3 enhances the activity of the ROS-generating enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase. ► O 3 increases ragweed pollen allergenicity through NAD(P)H-oxidase stimulation.

          Abstract

          This study focuses on the effects of the atmospheric pollutant ozone on ROS content and NAD(P)H oxidase activity of ragweed pollen grains.

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          Most cited references55

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          Nitric oxide functions as a signal in plant disease resistance.

          M Delledonne, Y Xia, R Dixon … (1998)
          Recognition of an avirulent pathogen triggers the rapid production of the reactive oxygen intermediates superoxide (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This oxidative burst drives crosslinking of the cell wall, induces several plant genes involved in cellular protection and defence, and is necessary for the initiation of host cell death in the hypersensitive disease-resistance response. However, this burst is not enough to support a strong disease-resistance response. Here we show that nitric oxide, which acts as a signal in the immune, nervous and vascular systems, potentiates the induction of hypersensitive cell death in soybean cells by reactive oxygen intermediates and functions independently of such intermediates to induce genes for the synthesis of protective natural products. Moreover, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthesis compromise the hypersensitive disease-resistance response of Arabidopsis leaves to Pseudomonas syringae, promoting disease and bacterial growth. We conclude that nitric oxide plays a key role in disease resistance in plants.
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            Detection and imaging of nitric oxide with novel fluorescent indicators: diaminofluoresceins.

            Hirotatsu Kojima, Naoki Nakatsubo, Kazuya Kikuchi … (1998)
            Nitric oxide is a gaseous, free radical which plays a role as an intracellular second messenger and a diffusable intercellular messenger. To obtain direct evidence for NO functions in vivo, we have designed and synthesized diaminofluoresceins (DAFs) as novel fluorescent indicators for NO. The fluorescent chemical transformation of DAFs is based on the reactivity of the aromatic vicinal diamines with NO in the presence of dioxygen. The N-nitrosation of DAFs, yielding the highly green-fluorescent triazole form, offers the advantages of specificity, sensitivity, and a simple protocol for the direct detection of NO (detection limit 5 nM). The fluorescence quantum efficiencies are increased more than 100 times after the transformation of DAFs by NO. Fluorescence detection with visible light excitation and high sensitivity enabled the practical assay of NO production in living cells. Membrane-permeable DAF-2 diacetate (DAF-2 DA) can be used for real-time bioimaging of NO with fine temporal and spatial resolution. The dye was loaded into activated rat aortic smooth muscle cells, where the ester bonds are hydrolyzed by intracellular esterase, generating DAF-2. The fluorescence in the cells increased in a NO concentration-dependent manner.
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              Health effects of air pollution.

              Neil E Alexis, André Nel, David Díaz … (2004)
              The general public, especially patients with upper or lower respiratory symptoms, is aware from media reports that adverse respiratory effects can occur from air pollution. It is important for the allergist to have a current knowledge of the potential health effects of air pollution and how they might affect their patients to advise them accordingly. Specifically, the allergist-clinical immunologist should be keenly aware that both gaseous and particulate outdoor pollutants might aggravate or enhance the underlying pathophysiology of both the upper and lower airways. Epidemiologic and laboratory exposure research studies investigating the health effects of outdoor air pollution each have advantages and disadvantages. Epidemiologic studies can show statistical associations between levels of individual or combined air pollutants and outcomes, such as rates of asthma, emergency visits for asthma, or hospital admissions, but cannot prove a causative role. Human exposure studies, animal models, and tissue or cellular studies provide further information on mechanisms of response but also have inherent limitations. The aim of this rostrum is to review the relevant publications that provide the appropriate context for assessing the risks of air pollution relative to other more modifiable environmental factors in patients with allergic airways disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Environ Pollut
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Environ. Pollut
                Title: Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
                Publisher: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 0269-7491
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-6424
                Publication date PMC-release: October 2011
                Publication date (Print): October 2011
                Volume: 159
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 2823-2830
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
                [b ]Department of Molecular Biology, CD Laboratory for Allergy Diagnosis and Therapy, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
                [c ]Division of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, ’A. Cardarelli’ High Speciality Hospital, Naples, Italy
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. spas@ 123456unipg.it
                Article
                Publisher ID: ENPO6115
                DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.05.003
                PMC ID: 3173721
                PubMed ID: 21605929
                SO-VID: 6cd30b36-06ca-4d55-8c31-a27d6a7290ee
                Copyright © © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Date received : 16 December 2010
                Date revision received : 29 April 2011
                Date accepted : 1 May 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: ozone,ros,nad(p)h oxidase,pollen,ragweed
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: ozone, ros, nad(p)h oxidase, pollen, ragweed

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