Dimensional diversity (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in perovskite solar cells: exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations

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Abstract

This review article includes dimensional diversity and exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations to improve the stability and performance of PV devices.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low fabrication cost. This review article delves into the changing PSC landscape by analyzing the various dimensional diversity, which includes zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) structures, and exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations to improve the stability and performance of these promising PV devices. To fine-tune the properties of perovskite materials, researchers have used cutting-edge methods like passivation strategies, interface engineering, and exact crystal growth control. As a result, significant improvements in open-circuit voltage ( V _OC), long-term stability, and PCE have been made. This thorough review also discusses the complex trade-offs involved in each dimensional integration, offering important insights into the complex interplay between material properties, device architecture, and fabrication techniques. Dimensional diversity in PSCs ultimately represents a dynamic path toward advancing the state-of-the-art in PV technology, providing invaluable direction to scientists and engineers attempting to realize the full potential of these next-generation solar cells. In conclusion, this review article offers a thorough analysis of the developments, difficulties, and potential of perovskite-based solar cells. It contributes to the knowledge and development of high-efficiency PSCs that hold great promise in the race for better photovoltaic performance by looking at printing techniques, stability issues, applications, and the special properties of perovskite materials.

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High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells

Hsinhan Tsai, Jared J Crochet, Aditya Mohite … (2016)

Three-dimensional organic-inorganic perovskites have emerged as one of the most promising thin-film solar cell materials owing to their remarkable photophysical properties, which have led to power conversion efficiencies exceeding 20 per cent, with the prospect of further improvements towards the Shockley-Queisser limit for a single‐junction solar cell (33.5 per cent). Besides efficiency, another critical factor for photovoltaics and other optoelectronic applications is environmental stability and photostability under operating conditions. In contrast to their three-dimensional counterparts, Ruddlesden-Popper phases--layered two-dimensional perovskite films--have shown promising stability, but poor efficiency at only 4.73 per cent. This relatively poor efficiency is attributed to the inhibition of out-of-plane charge transport by the organic cations, which act like insulating spacing layers between the conducting inorganic slabs. Here we overcome this issue in layered perovskites by producing thin films of near-single-crystalline quality, in which the crystallographic planes of the inorganic perovskite component have a strongly preferential out-of-plane alignment with respect to the contacts in planar solar cells to facilitate efficient charge transport. We report a photovoltaic efficiency of 12.52 per cent with no hysteresis, and the devices exhibit greatly improved stability in comparison to their three-dimensional counterparts when subjected to light, humidity and heat stress tests. Unencapsulated two-dimensional perovskite devices retain over 60 per cent of their efficiency for over 2,250 hours under constant, standard (AM1.5G) illumination, and exhibit greater tolerance to 65 per cent relative humidity than do three-dimensional equivalents. When the devices are encapsulated, the layered devices do not show any degradation under constant AM1.5G illumination or humidity. We anticipate that these results will lead to the growth of single-crystalline, solution-processed, layered, hybrid, perovskite thin films, which are essential for high-performance opto-electronic devices with technologically relevant long-term stability.

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One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

G. Grancini, C. Roldán-Carmona, I. Zimmermann … (2017)

Despite the impressive photovoltaic performances with power conversion efficiency beyond 22%, perovskite solar cells are poorly stable under operation, failing by far the market requirements. Various technological approaches have been proposed to overcome the instability problem, which, while delivering appreciable incremental improvements, are still far from a market-proof solution. Here we show one-year stable perovskite devices by engineering an ultra-stable 2D/3D (HOOC(CH2)4NH3)2PbI4/CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite junction. The 2D/3D forms an exceptional gradually-organized multi-dimensional interface that yields up to 12.9% efficiency in a carbon-based architecture, and 14.6% in standard mesoporous solar cells. To demonstrate the up-scale potential of our technology, we fabricate 10 × 10 cm2 solar modules by a fully printable industrial-scale process, delivering 11.2% efficiency stable for >10,000 h with zero loss in performances measured under controlled standard conditions. This innovative stable and low-cost architecture will enable the timely commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

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2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar Cell Applications.

Duyen H Cao, Constantinos Stoumpos, Omar K. Farha … (2015)

We report on the fabrication and properties of the semiconducting 2D (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)(n-1)Pb(n)I(3n+1) (n = 1, 2, 3, and 4) perovskite thin films. The band gaps of the series decrease with increasing n values, from 2.24 eV (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2PbI4 (n = 1) to 1.52 eV CH3NH3PbI3 (n = ∞). The compounds exhibit strong light absorption in the visible region, accompanied by strong photoluminescence at room temperature, rendering them promising light absorbers for photovoltaic applications. Moreover, we find that thin films of the semi-2D perovskites display an ultrahigh surface coverage as a result of the unusual film self-assembly that orients the [Pb(n)I(3n+1)](-) layers perpendicular to the substrates. We have successfully implemented this 2D perovskite family in solid-state solar cells, and obtained an initial power conversion efficiency of 4.02%, featuring an open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 929 mV and a short-circuit current density (J(sc)) of 9.42 mA/cm(2) from the n = 3 compound. This result is even more encouraging considering that the device retains its performance after long exposure to a high-humidity environment. Overall, the homologous 2D halide perovskites define a promising class of stable and efficient light-absorbing materials for solid-state photovoltaics and other applications.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Sikandar Aftab: (View ORCID Profile)

Fahmid Kabir: (View ORCID Profile)

Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi: (View ORCID Profile)

Ganesh Koyyada: (View ORCID Profile)

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): JMCAET

Title: Journal of Materials Chemistry A

Abbreviated Title: J. Mater. Chem. A

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

ISSN (Print): 2050-7488

ISSN (Electronic): 2050-7496

Publication date (Electronic): 2024

Affiliations

[1 ]State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, Anhui, China

[2 ]Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology, Hefei 230037, Anhui, China

[3 ]Department of Intelligent Mechatronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, South Korea

[4 ]Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea

[5 ]School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada

[6 ]Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt

[7 ]NANOTECH Center, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia

[8 ]Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia

[9 ]Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia

[10 ]School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea

[11 ]Department of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522302, India

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DOI: 10.1039/D3TA06953B

SO-VID: 6cf5b2e4-efb4-4de5-bebe-8df8cbd9abd8

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Dimensional diversity (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) in perovskite solar cells: exploring the potential of mixed-dimensional integrations

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International Journal of Critical Diversity Studies

Most cited references 146

High-efficiency two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite solar cells

One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering

2D Homologous Perovskites as Light-Absorbing Materials for Solar Cell Applications.

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