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      Intention and Willingness in Understanding Ritalin Misuse Among Iranian Medical College Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

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          Abstract

          Ritalin misuse can create powerful stimulant effects and serious health risks. The main aim of present study was compared that two cognitive construct (behavioral intention or behavioral willingness) for predicting Ritalin misuse. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 264 Iranian medical college students; participants selected in random sampling, and data were collected by using self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21 at 95% significant level. Our findings showed, the three predictor variables of (1) attitude, (2) subjective norms, and (3) prototype accounted for 29% of the variation in intention and 25% of the variation in willingness to Ritalin misuse. In addition, behavioral intention was a stronger prediction factor compared to willingness for Ritalin misuse, with odds ratio estimate of 1.607 [95% CI: 1.167, 2.213]. There is some support to use the prototype willingness model to design interventions to improve individuals’ beliefs that academic goals are achievable without the misuse of Ritalin.

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          The theory of planned behavior

          Icek Ajzen (1991)
          Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211
          Article 0 comments Cited 7891 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology.

            Thomas J Spencer, Joseph Biederman, Eric Mick (2007)
            In this report, we provide an evidence-based overview of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including diagnosis, prevalence, developmental expression of symptoms, persistence, the heterogeneity of functional outcome, impairment in afflicted adults, psychiatric comorbidity, pathophysiology, genetics, psychosocial and biologic risk factors, and neurobiology. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is an early-onset, highly prevalent neurobehavioral disorder, with genetic, environmental, and biologic etiologies, that persists into adolescence and adulthood in a sizable majority of afflicted children of both sexes. It is characterized by behavioral symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity across the life cycle and is associated with considerable morbidity and disability. Comorbidity is a distinct clinical feature of both childhood and adult ADHD. Although its etiology remains unclear, emerging evidence documents its strong neurobiologic and genetic underpinnings. Despite the high diagnostic reliability and the robust evidence of the validity of ADHD, there are many underlying issues that remain to be resolved. These include establishing developmentally appropriate diagnostic criteria at older ages, further elaborating the impact of gender on symptom expression, and examining risk and protective factors in relationship to prevention or amelioration of ADHD as well as related functional impairments.
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              From willingness to intention: experience moderates the shift from reactive to reasoned behavior.

              Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Elizabeth A Pomery … (2009)
              Three studies compared the predictive validity of three proximal antecedents to risk behavior: behavioral intention (BI), behavioral expectation (BE), and behavioral willingness (BW). In Study 1, BW was the only significant predictor of change in substance use in early adolescence (age 13), whereas only BI was significant in middle adolescence (age 16). In Study 2, BW was a better predictor of change in smoking among young adolescents than was BE, but BE became predominant by middle adolescence. By late adolescence, previous behavior surpassed both BE and BW. When only smoking initiation was examined, BW was a better predictor than was BE. In Study 3, BI, BW, and BE independently predicted class skipping. However, BI was a better predictor for students more experienced with the behavior, whereas BW was superior for less experienced students. The findings provide evidence of a developmental shift from more reactive to more reasoned processing, as experience with the behavior increases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob J Health Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob J Health Sci
                Title: Global Journal of Health Science
                Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education (Canada )
                ISSN (Print): 1916-9736
                ISSN (Electronic): 1916-9744
                Publication date (Print): November 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 June 2014
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 43-53
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                [2 ]Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
                [3 ]Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
                [4 ]Health Services Administration, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
                [5 ]Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
                [6 ]Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Ali Afsar, MSc of Health Education, Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. E-mail: health_fj@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: GJHS-6-43
                DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p43
                PMC ID: 4825534
                PubMed ID: 25363098
                SO-VID: 6d8732a2-0a88-48a3-ab7b-f02c59317869
                Copyright © Copyright: © Canadian Center of Science and Education
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 18 April 2014
                Date accepted : 21 May 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Articles

                Keywords: ritalin misuse,college students,behavioral intention
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ritalin misuse, college students, behavioral intention

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