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      ESTIMATING BASAL ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: THE VALUE OF THE HARRIS-BENEDICT EQUATION Translated title: IMPORTÂNCIA DA EQUAÇÃO DE HARRIS-BENEDICT NA ESTIMATIVA DO METABOLISMO BASAL EM PACIENTES TRANSPLANTADOS DE FÍGADO

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          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Reliable measurement of basal energy expenditure (BEE) in liver transplant (LT) recipients is necessary for adapting energy requirements, improving nutritional status and preventing weight gain. Indirect calorimetry (IC) is the gold standard for measuring BEE. However, BEE may be estimated through alternative methods, including electrical bioimpedance (BI), Harris-Benedict Equation (HBE), and Mifflin-St. Jeor Equation (MSJ) that carry easier applicability and lower cost.

          Aim:

          To determine which of the three alternative methods for BEE estimation (HBE, BI and MSJ) would provide most reliable BEE estimation in LT recipients.

          Methods:

          Prospective cross-sectional study including dyslipidemic LT recipients in follow-up at a 735-bed tertiary referral university hospital. Comparisons of BEE measured through IC to BEE estimated through each of the three alternative methods (HBE, BI and MSJ) were performed using Bland-Altman method and Wilcoxon Rank Sum test.

          Results:

          Forty-five patients were included, aged 58±10 years. BEE measured using IC was 1664±319 kcal for males, and 1409±221 kcal for females. Average difference between BEE measured by IC (1534±300 kcal) and BI (1584±377 kcal) was +50 kcal (p=0.0384). Average difference between the BEE measured using IC (1534±300 kcal) and MSJ (1479.6±375 kcal) was -55 kcal (p=0.16). Average difference between BEE values measured by IC (1534±300 kcal) and HBE (1521±283 kcal) was -13 kcal (p=0.326). Difference between BEE estimated through IC and HBE was less than 100 kcal for 39 of all 43patients.

          Conclusions:

          Among the three alternative methods, HBE was the most reliable for estimating BEE in LT recipients.

          RESUMO

          Racional:

          Estimativa confiável do metabolismo basal em pacientes transplantados de fígado é necessária para adaptar os requerimentos energéticos, melhorar o estado nutricional e prevenir ganho de peso. Calorimetria indireta (CI) é o padrão-ouro para a medição do metabolismo basal. No entanto, ele pode ser estimado utilizando-se métodos alternativos, incluindo a bioimpedância (BI), a Equação de Harris-Benedict (EHB), e também a Equação de Mifflin-St. Jeor (MSJ). Esses métodos alternativos possuem aplicabilidade mais fácil e custo inferior quando comparados à CI.

          Objetivo:

          Determinar qual dos três métodos alternativos para a estimativa do metabolismo basal (EHB, BI e MSJ) seria o mais confiável em pacientes transplantados de fígado.

          Métodos:

          Foi realizado estudo transversal prospectivo incluindo pacientes transplantados de fígado com dislipidemia, em acompanhamento ambulatorial. Comparações dos valores calculados de metabolismo basal via CI aos valores estimados por cada um dos três métodos alternativos (EHB, BI e MSJ) foram realizadas utilizando o de Bland-Altman e o teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney.

          Resultados:

          Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos com idade 58±10 anos. O metabolismo basal medido via CI foi 1664±319 kcal para pacientes do gênero masculino, e 1409±221 kcal para o feminino. A diferença média entre a taxa de metabolismo basal aferida por CI (1534±300 kcal) e estimada por BI (1584±377 kcal) foi +50 kcal (p=0.0384). A diferença média entre a taxa de metabolismo basal aferida via CI (1534±300 kcal) e estimada por MSJ (1479.6±375 kcal) foi -55 kcal (p=0.16). A diferença média entre os valores de taxa de metabolismo basal medidos via CI (1534±300 kcal) e estimados por EHB (1521±283 kcal) foi -13 kcal (p=0.326). Além disso, a diferença entre a taxa de metabolismo basal estimada via CI e a aferida por EHB foi menor que 100 kcal para 39 de todos os 43 pacientes avaliados.

          Conclusões:

          A EHB foi o mais confiável dos três métodos de estimativa da taxa de metabolismo basal em pacientes transplantados de fígado em acompanhamento ambulatorial.

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          Most cited references40

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          Estimation of human body composition by electrical impedance methods: a comparative study.

          This study 1) further validated the relationship between total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) and densitometrically determined lean body mass (LBMd) and 2) compared with existing body composition techniques (densitometry, total body water, total body potassium, and anthropometry) two new electrical methods for the estimation of LBM: TOBEC, a uniform current induction method, and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), a localized current injection method. In a sample of 75 male and female subjects ranging from 4.9 to 54.9% body fat the correlation between LBMd and LBM predicted from TOBEC by use of a previously developed regression equation was extremely strong (r = 0.962), thus confirming the validity of the TOBEC method. LBM predicted from BIA by use of prediction equations provided with the instrument also correlated with LBMd (r = 0.912) but overestimated LBM compared with LBMd in obese subjects. However, no such systematic error was apparent when new prediction equations derived from this heterogeneous sample of subjects were applied. Thus the TOBEC and BIA methods, which are based on the differing electrical properties of lean tissue and fat and which are convenient, rapid, and safe, correlate well with more cumbersome human body composition techniques.
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            Nutritional screening tools for hospitalized children: methodological considerations.

            Children who are admitted to the hospital are at a risk of developing undernutrition, especially children with an underlying disease. High percentages of both acute and chronic undernutrition have been reported in various Western countries for many years. Several nutritional screening tools have been developed for hospitalized children in the last years. This review gives an overview of the nutritional screening tools that are currently available with a focus on their aims, clinical use and validity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.
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              Comparison of several equations and derivation of a new equation for calculating basal metabolic rate in obese children.

              To compare basal metabolic rate (BMR) calculated by the Harris-Benedict, Ravussin, Cunningham, World Health Organization (WHO) and Schofield equations to BMR determined in an obese pediatric population. The second objective is to derive a new equation, based on measured BMR in obese children, for calculating BMR in obese pediatric patients. The study included 110 (50 male/60 female) healthy obese subjects (BMI > 28) (11.7 +/- 2.8 years, 73 +/- 27 kg, 152 +/- 14 cm and 38 +/- 6% fat) who had preprandial BMR determined by indirect calorimetry. These results were compared to BMR calculated with the five above mentioned equations. Fat-free mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance and body composition was calculated using the appropriate equation. The age groups analyzed were as follows: males 3 to 10 and 11 to 18 years old; females 3 to 10 and 11 to 18 years old. A new equation was derived by stepwise multiple regression analysis using 100 randomly selected subjects from our test group and tested using the remaining 10 subjects. Basal metabolic rate calculated by the Ravussin and Cunningham equations in all subgroups was lower (p < 0.05) than measured BMR. Basal metabolic rate calculated by the Harris-Benedict equation was lower (p < 0.05) than measured BMR in male populations ages 3 to 10, 11 to 18, and in the entire cohort. Measured BMR was overestimated by the Harris-Benedict equation (p < 0.05) in females 11 to 18 years old; by the WHO equation (p < 0.05) in both male and females 3 to 10 years old and by the Schofield equation (p < 0.05) in males 11 to 18 years old. In comparison to measured BMR, the WHO equation appeared to be the most accurate for estimating BMR in males and females 11 to 18 years old. However, BMR calculating using our new equation in the 10 test subjects was similar to measured BMR. The WHO equation was the most accurate of the prediction equations studied. However, our new prediction equation may be more appropriate for calculating BMR in an obese pediatric population.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                Arq Bras Cir Dig
                abcd
                Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva : ABCD
                Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva
                0102-6720
                2317-6326
                Jul-Sep 2016
                Jul-Sep 2016
                : 29
                : 3
                : 185-188
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Postgraduate Program in Surgical Sciences;
                [2 ]Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Liver and Pancreas Transplantation;
                [3 ]Unit of Dietary Therapy;
                [4 ]Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology;
                [5 ]Division of Medical Statistics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Marcio F. Chedid E-mail: marciochedid@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflicts of interest: none

                Article
                10.1590/0102-6720201600030013
                5074671
                27759783
                6f6218ff-eb33-4a93-9669-eadfb0c550a2

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 08 December 2015
                : 14 April 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Original Article

                liver transplantation,basal energy expenditure,indirect calorimetry,bioelectrical impedance,harris-benedict equation,mifflin-st,jeor equation.

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