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      Produção de leite de vacas da raça Holandesa de pequeno, médio e grande porte Translated title: Milk production of Holstein cows in small, medium and large size

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          Abstract

          O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do composto corporal sobre a produção de leite de vacas da raça Holandesa de primeira, segunda e terceira lactação. Para avaliação, foram usadas 133 vacas, selecionadas de um rebanho de 280 animais em lactação, classificadas como pequenas, médias e grandes, com base no composto corporal (estatura x 10 + força x 5 + profundidade x 3 + largura de garupa x 2)/20. Os dados foram coletados, entre janeiro de 2007 e outubro de 2009, de um rebanho comercial com sistema intensivo de produção de leite, localizado em Salto do Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Todas as vacas foram submetidas às mesmas condições de instalações e ordenhadas três vezes ao dia. Os dados foram obtidos com auxílio do software AFIMILK® - SAE AFIKIM. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (tamanho corporal). Não foi verificada interação entre a produção de leite e composto corporal. Foi observada baixa correlação entre composto corporal e produção de leite. Vacas de porte médio e grande apresentaram produção de leite similar e superior (P<0,05) às pequenas. As médias de produção de leite para vacas pequenas, médias e grandes em 305 dias foram de 8.053; 8.810 e 9.218 litros, respectivamente. Com base na totalidade das lactações avaliadas, as vacas de porte médio são mais eficientes que as demais, considerando o sistema intensivo de produção em análise.

          Translated abstract

          The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the body size in milk production in the first, second and third lactations of Holstein cows. A total 133 cows were used, selected from a herd of 280 cows, classified as small, medium and large based on the body size composite (stature x 10 + strength x 5 + depth x 3 + rump width x 2)/20. Data were collected from January 2007 to October 2009 in a commercial herd with intensive system of milk production, located in Salto Jacuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All cows were subjected to the same conditions of facilities management being used and milked three times a day. Data were obtained from the software Afimilk® - SAE AFIKIM. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three treatments (body size). There was no interaction between milk production and body composite. Low correlation among body size composite and milk production was observed. Cows for medium and large size had similar on milk production superior (P<0,05) to small size. Means for 305-days milk production in the lactation were 8,053; 8,810 and 9,218 liters for small, medium and large cows, respectively. Based on the totality of lactations evaluated, cows of medium size were more efficient than the others for the intensive production system in question.

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          Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

          (2005)
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            Predicting body weight and wither height in Holstein heifers using body measurements.

            Relationships between body weight, wither height, and various other body traits, including heart girth, body length, and hip width, were studied using data from six experiments with 2625 observations. Body weight and wither height were regressed on the other body traits. Regressions of body weight including the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of a single independent variable (heart girth, wither height, hip width or body length) indicated that each measurement would be useful in predicting body weight (R2 > .95); the regression of body weight on heart girth had the highest R2, followed by hip width. Similarly, regressions of wither height on heart girth, wither height, hip width, or body length, including linear, quadratic, and cubic effects, yielded R2 > .99. Regressions considering multiple traits as independent variables showed that the addition of a second body trait added little to the already high multiple correlations found with a single variable. In management situations for which body weight or wither height cannot be measured, various other traits can be used to estimate these body measurements accurately.
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              Consequences of selection for milk yield from a geneticist's viewpoint.

              The annual genetic trend for milk yield of Holsteins in the United States has accelerated with time and had means of 37 kg during the 1960s, 79 kg during the 1970s, 102 kg during the 1980s, and 116 kg from 1990 to 1996. Selection programs of the dairy cattle breeding firms in the United States have become more selective and effective with time, and selection goals continue to place major emphasis on yield traits, which clearly impact profitability of dairying. Traits other than yield are also included in selection goals of the industry. Type traits, especially those related to udder conformation, body size, and angularity have been included in selection programs and have altered the appearance and physiological functions of Holstein cows. Selection programs have continued to increase the body size of Holsteins despite mounting evidence that smaller cows have advantages for survival and efficiency. Favorable emphasis on cows that appear sharper might result in cows that are more prone to metabolic problems. The high intensity of current selection in the United States has brought about a rapid increase in genetic relationships among animals. Increased relationships will inevitably result in undesirable levels of inbreeding in the commercial cow population unless dairy producers turn to crossbreeding.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                cr
                Ciência Rural
                Cienc. Rural
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria )
                1678-4596
                March 2011
                : 41
                : 3
                : 501-506
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Pampa Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [3 ] Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade de Cruz Alta Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                Article
                S0103-84782011000300023
                10.1590/S0103-84782011000300023
                733bce90-aa03-4874-bee9-80173e5571e8

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-8478&lng=en
                Categories
                AGRONOMY

                Horticulture
                body size,body size composite,body weight,peak milk production,persistency,composto corporal,dimensões corporais,persistência,peso corporal,pico de produção de leite

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