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      Returning long-range PM 2.5 transport into the leeward of East Asia in 2021 after Chinese economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic

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          Abstract

          Changes in the aerosol composition of sulfate (SO 4 2−) and nitrate (NO 3 −) from 2012 to 2019 have been captured as a paradigm shift in the region downwind of China. Specifically, SO 4 2− dramatically decreased and NO 3 − dramatically increased over downwind locations such as western Japan due to the faster reduction of SO 2 emissions than NO x emissions and the almost constant trend of NH 3 emissions from China. Emissions from China sharply decreased during COVID-19 lockdowns in February–March 2020, after which China’s economic situation seemed to recover going into 2021. Given this substantial change in Chinese emissions, it is necessary to clarify the impact of long-range PM 2.5 transport into the leeward of East Asia. In this study, ground-based aerosol compositions observed at three sites in western Japan were analysed. The concentrations of PM 2.5, SO 4 2− and NO 3 − decreased in 2020 (during COVID-19) compared with 2018–2019 (before COVID-19). In 2021 (after COVID-19), PM 2.5 and NO 3 − increased and SO 4 2− was unchanged. This suggests the returning long-range PM 2.5 transport in 2021. From numerical simulations, the status of Chinese emissions during COVID-19 did not explain this returning impact in 2021. This study shows that the status of Chinese emissions in 2021 recovered to that before COVID-19.

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Chaolin Huang, Yeming Wang, Xingwang Li … (2020)
          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak

            Matteo Chinazzi, Jessica Davis, Marco Ajelli … (2020)
            Motivated by the rapid spread of COVID-19 in Mainland China, we use a global metapopulation disease transmission model to project the impact of travel limitations on the national and international spread of the epidemic. The model is calibrated based on internationally reported cases, and shows that at the start of the travel ban from Wuhan on 23 January 2020, most Chinese cities had already received many infected travelers. The travel quarantine of Wuhan delayed the overall epidemic progression by only 3 to 5 days in Mainland China, but has a more marked effect at the international scale, where case importations were reduced by nearly 80% until mid February. Modeling results also indicate that sustained 90% travel restrictions to and from Mainland China only modestly affect the epidemic trajectory unless combined with a 50% or higher reduction of transmission in the community.
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              An investigation of transmission control measures during the first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China

              Huaiyu Tian, Yonghong Liu, Yidan Li … (2020)
              Responding to an outbreak of a novel coronavirus (agent of COVID-19) in December 2019, China banned travel to and from Wuhan city on 23 January and implemented a national emergency response. We investigated the spread and control of COVID-19 using a unique data set including case reports, human movement and public health interventions. The Wuhan shutdown was associated with the delayed arrival of COVID-19 in other cities by 2.91 days (95%CI: 2.54-3.29). Cities that implemented control measures pre-emptively reported fewer cases, on average, in the first week of their outbreaks (13.0; 7.1-18.8) compared with cities that started control later (20.6; 14.5-26.8). Suspending intra-city public transport, closing entertainment venues and banning public gatherings were associated with reductions in case incidence. The national emergency response appears to have delayed the growth and limited the size of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, averting hundreds of thousands of cases by 19 February (day 50).
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Syuichi Itahashi: isyuichi@criepi.denken.or.jp
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 April 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 April 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 5539
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.417751.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0482 0928, Sustainable System Research Laboratory (SSRL), , Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), ; Abiko, Chiba 270-1194 Japan
                [2 ]GRID grid.415138.a, ISNI 0000 0004 0379 3296, Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Science, ; Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135 Japan
                [3 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), ; Beijing, 100029 China
                [4 ]GRID grid.177174.3, ISNI 0000 0001 2242 4849, Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), , Kyushu University, ; Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9388
                DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09388-2
                PMC ID: 8972671
                PubMed ID: 35365707
                SO-VID: 736ea6ce-7256-49ed-886a-387d87833ee2
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 20 January 2022
                Date accepted : 22 March 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI
                Award ID: JP18H03359
                Award ID: JP18H03359
                Award ID: JP18H03359
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Environment Research and Technology Development Fund
                Award ID: JPMEERF20195003
                Award ID: JPMEERF20195003
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: environmental chemistry,environmental impact,atmospheric chemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Keywords: environmental chemistry, environmental impact, atmospheric chemistry

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