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      Src activation by β-adrenoreceptors is a key switch for tumor metastasis

      research-article
      1 , 1 , 10 , 7 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 6 , 2 , 10 , 3 , 16 , 3 , 1 , 10 , 1 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 11 , 11 , 12 , 1 , 2 , 10 , 4 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 8 , 17 , 13 , 5 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 14 , 7 , 13 , 15 , 1 , 2 , 6
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          Abstract

          Norepinephrine (NE) can modulate multiple cellular functions important for cancer progression; however, how this single extracellular signal regulates such a broad array of cellular processes is unknown. Here, we identify Src as a key regulator of phosphoproteomic signaling networks activated in response to beta-adrenergic signaling in cancer cells. These results also identify a new mechanism of Src phosphorylation that mediates beta-adrenergic/PKA regulation of downstream networks, thereby enhancing tumor cell migration, invasion and growth. In human ovarian cancer samples, high tumoral NE levels were correlated with high pSrc Y419 levels. Moreover, among cancer patients, the use of beta blockers was significantly associated with reduced cancer-related mortality. Collectively, these data provide a pivotal molecular target for disrupting neural signaling in the tumor microenvironment.

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          Most cited references46

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          High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins.

          A technique has been developed for the separation of proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Due to its resolution and sensitivity, this technique is a powerful tool for the analysis and detection of proteins from complex biological sources. Proteins are separated according to isoelectric point by isoelectric focusing in the first dimension, and according to molecular weight by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis in the second dimension. Since these two parameters are unrelated, it is possible to obtain an almost uniform distribution of protein spots across a two-diminsional gel. This technique has resolved 1100 different components from Escherichia coli and should be capable of resolving a maximum of 5000 proteins. A protein containing as little as one disintegration per min of either 14C or 35S can be detected by autoradiography. A protein which constitutes 10 minus 4 to 10 minus 5% of the total protein can be detected and quantified by autoradiography. The reproducibility of the separation is sufficient to permit each spot on one separation to be matched with a spot on a different separation. This technique provides a method for estimation (at the described sensitivities) of the number of proteins made by any biological system. This system can resolve proteins differing in a single charge and consequently can be used in the analysis of in vivo modifications resulting in a change in charge. Proteins whose charge is changed by missense mutations can be identified. A detailed description of the methods as well as the characteristics of this system are presented.
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            CASTp: computed atlas of surface topography of proteins with structural and topographical mapping of functionally annotated residues

            Cavities on a proteins surface as well as specific amino acid positioning within it create the physicochemical properties needed for a protein to perform its function. CASTp () is an online tool that locates and measures pockets and voids on 3D protein structures. This new version of CASTp includes annotated functional information of specific residues on the protein structure. The annotations are derived from the Protein Data Bank (PDB), Swiss-Prot, as well as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), the latter contains information on the variant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are known to cause disease. These annotated residues are mapped to surface pockets, interior voids or other regions of the PDB structures. We use a semi-global pair-wise sequence alignment method to obtain sequence mapping between entries in Swiss-Prot, OMIM and entries in PDB. The updated CASTp web server can be used to study surface features, functional regions and specific roles of key residues of proteins.
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              Three-dimensional structure of the tyrosine kinase c-Src.

              The structure of a large fragment of the c-Src tyrosine kinase, comprising the regulatory and kinase domains and the carboxy-terminal tall, has been determined at 1.7 A resolution in a closed, inactive state. Interactions among domains, stabilized by binding of the phosphorylated tail to the SH2 domain, lock the molecule in a conformation that simultaneously disrupts the kinase active site and sequesters the binding surfaces of the SH2 and SH3 domains. The structure shows how appropriate cellular signals, or transforming mutations in v-Src, could break these interactions to produce an open, active kinase.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                101528555
                37539
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature communications
                2041-1723
                28 December 2012
                29 January 2013
                29 July 2013
                : 4
                : 1403
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Gynecologic Oncology & Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [2 ]Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [3 ]Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [4 ]Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [5 ]Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [6 ]Center for RNA Interference and Non-coding RNA, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [7 ]Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
                [8 ]Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
                [9 ]Molecular Health GmbH, Belfortstr. 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
                [10 ]Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
                [11 ]Biomolecular Resource Facility, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
                [12 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
                [13 ]Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
                [14 ]Department of Medical Oncology Hematology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
                [15 ]Department of Psychology, Urology, and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
                [16 ]Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Center, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00935, USA
                [17 ]Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, Bronx, New York 10468, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.K.S. ( asood@ 123456mdanderson.org )
                Article
                NIHMS430501
                10.1038/ncomms2413
                3561638
                23360994
                75d52517-7722-4fea-a4e4-95ebc2f47a0e

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                History
                Funding
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: U54 CA151668 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: U54 CA096300 || CA
                Funded by: National Institute of General Medical Sciences : NIGMS
                Award ID: RC2 GM092599 || GM
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: R01 CA110793 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: R01 CA109298 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: P50 CA098258 || CA
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute : NCI
                Award ID: P50 CA083639 || CA
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