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      Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Its Application for Enhanced Production of Minor Ginsenoside F 2

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      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , * , 2 , *
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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          A novel β-glucosidase (BglPm) was identified from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus KCTC 3870 T which has ginsenoside converting activity. The gene, termed bglPm, consists of 1,260 bp and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH1). After being overexpressed and purified from Escherichia coli, the enzymatic properties of BglPm were investigated. The enzyme exhibited an optimal activity at 45°C and pH 7.5 and showed high bioconversion ability for major ginsenoside Rb 1 and Rd into ginsenoside F 2. Thus, it was used for mass production of relatively high pure F 2 from relatively abundant protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides mixture (PPDGM) with combined usage of ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing enzyme. Scale-up of production using 250 g of the PPDGM resulted in 152 g of F 2 with 80.1% chromatography purity and 95.7% recovery. These results suggest that this enzyme would be useful in the preparation of pharmacologically active ginsenoside F 2 in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

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          Ginseng pharmacology: multiple constituents and multiple actions.

          A S Attele, J. Wu, C. S. Yuan (1999)
          Ginseng is a highly valued herb in the Far East and has gained popularity in the West during the last decade. There is extensive literature on the beneficial effects of ginseng and its constituents. The major active components of ginseng are ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins, which demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of tissues, producing an array of pharmacological responses. However, many mechanisms of ginsenoside activity still remain unknown. Since ginsenosides and other constituents of ginseng produce effects that are different from one another, and a single ginsenoside initiates multiple actions in the same tissue, the overall pharmacology of ginseng is complex. The ability of ginsenosides to independently target multireceptor systems at the plasma membrane, as well as to activate intracellular steroid receptors, may explain some pharmacological effects. This commentary aims to review selected effects of ginseng and ginsenosides and describe their possible modes of action. Structural variability of ginsenosides, structural and functional relationship to steroids, and potential targets of action are discussed.
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            Pharmacology of ginsenosides: a literature review

            Kar-Wah Leung, Alice Sze-Tsai Wong (2010)
            The therapeutic potential of ginseng has been studied extensively, and ginsenosides, the active components of ginseng, are shown to be involved in modulating multiple physiological activities. This article will review the structure, systemic transformation and bioavailability of ginsenosides before illustration on how these molecules exert their functions via interactions with steroidal receptors. The multiple biological actions make ginsenosides as important resources for developing new modalities. Yet, low bioavailability of ginsenoside is one of the major hurdles needs to be overcome to advance its use in clinical settings.
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              Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects.

              Lars Christensen (2009)
              Ginsenosides are a special group of triterpenoid saponins that can be classified into two groups by the skeleton of their aglycones, namely dammarane- and oleanane-type. Ginsenosides are found nearly exclusively in Panax species (ginseng) and up to now more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been isolated from roots, leaves/stems, fruits, and/or flower heads of ginseng. Ginsenosides have been the target of a lot of research as they are believed to be the main active principles behind the claims of ginsengs efficacy. The potential health effects of ginsenosides that are discussed in this chapter include anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system. Ginsensoides can be metabolized in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and in the gastrointestinal tract (bacterial hydrolysis) or transformed to other ginsenosides by drying and steaming of ginseng to more bioavailable and bioactive ginsenosides. The metabolization and transformation of intact ginsenosides, which seems to play an important role for their potential health effects, are discussed. Qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides are important in relation to quality control of ginseng products and plant material and for the determination of the effects of processing of plant material as well as for the determination of the metabolism and bioavailability of ginsenosides. Analytical techniques for the analysis of ginsenosides that are described in this chapter are thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with various detectors, gas chromatography (GC), colorimetry, enzyme immunoassays (EIA), capillary electrophoresis (CE), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and spectrophotometric methods.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chenyu Du: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 January 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e85727
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
                [2 ]KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
                [3 ]Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
                University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exits.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: WI. Performed the experiments: CC JK WI. Analyzed the data: CC JK WI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SK WI. Wrote the paper: CC SK WI.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-31874
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085727
                PMC ID: 3903488
                PubMed ID: 24475050
                SO-VID: 79059242-c303-4dd9-887c-c3ad87ee6be9
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2014
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 3 August 2013
                Date accepted : 1 December 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Funding
                This work was supported by the Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center of Global Frontier Project funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011-0031967), Republic of Korea. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Biochemistry
                Subject: Enzymes
                Subject: Enzyme Classes
                Subject: Hydrolases
                Subject: Enzyme Metabolism
                Subject: Biotechnology
                Subject: Applied Microbiology
                Subject: Microbiology
                Subject: Applied Microbiology
                Subject: Industrial Microbiology
                Subject: Microbial Metabolism
                Subject: Medicine
                Subject: Complementary and Alternative Medicine

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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