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      Draft Genome Sequence of the Pathogenic Oomycete Pythium insidiosum Strain Pi-S, Isolated from a Patient with Pythiosis

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          Abstract

          Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete that causes a life-threatening infectious disease called pythiosis in humans and animals living in tropical and subtropical countries. Here, we report the first draft genome sequence of P. insidiosum. The genome of P. insidiosum is 53.2 Mb and contains 14,962 open reading frames.

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          Pythium insidiosum: an overview.

          Wim Gaastra, Len Lipman, Arthur de Cock … (2010)
          Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete pathogenic in mammals. The infection occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly in horses, dogs and humans. Infection is acquired through small wounds via contact with water that contains motile zoospores or other propagules (zoospores or hyphae). The disease, though described as emerging has in fact already been described since 1884. Depending on the site of entry, infection can lead to different forms of pythiosis i.e. a cutaneous, vascular, ocular, gastrointestinal and a systemic form, which is rarely seen. The infection is not contagious; no animal-animal or animal-human transmission has been reported so far. Therapy includes radical surgery, antifungal drugs, immunotherapy or a combination of these therapies. The prevention to contract the disease in endemic areas is difficult. Avoiding stagnant waters could be of help, although the presence of P. insidiosum on grass and soil in enzootic areas renders this practice useless.
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            Clinical and epidemiological analyses of human pythiosis in Thailand.

            Theerapong Krajaejun, Boonmee Sathapatayavongs, Roongnapa Pracharktam … (2006)
            Pythiosis is an emerging and life-threatening infectious disease in humans and animals that is caused by the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum. Human pythiosis is found mostly in Thailand, although disease in animals has been increasingly reported worldwide. Clinical information on human pythiosis is limited, and health care professionals are unfamiliar with the disease, leading to underdiagnosis, delayed treatment, and poor prognosis. To retrospectively study the clinical and epidemiological features of human pythiosis, we analyzed clinical data from patients with pythiosis diagnosed during the period of January 1985 through June 2003 at 9 tertiary care hospitals throughout Thailand. A total of 102 cases of human pythiosis were documented nationwide. A substantial proportion (40%) of cases occurred in the last 4 years of the 18-year study interval. Clinical presentations fell into 4 groups: cutaneous/subcutaneous cases (5% of cases), vascular cases (59%), ocular cases (33%), and disseminated cases (3%). Almost all patients with cutaneous/subcutaneous, vascular, and disseminated pythiosis (85%) had underlying thalassemia-hemoglobinopathy syndrome. Most ocular cases (84%) were associated with no underlying disease. A majority of the patients were male (71%), were aged 20-60 years (86%), and reported an agricultural occupation (75%). Regarding treatment outcomes, all patients with disseminated infection died; 78% of patients with vascular disease required limb amputation, and 40% of these patients died; and 79% of patients with ocular pythiosis required enucleation/evisceration. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the largest case study of human pythiosis. The disease has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are urgently needed to improve clinical outcomes. Because P. insidiosum is distributed worldwide and can infect healthy individuals, an awareness of human pythiosis should be promoted in Thailand and in other countries.
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              Efficiency comparison of three methods for extracting genomic DNA of the pathogenic oomycete Pythium insidiosum.

              Tassanee Lohnoo, Nujarin Jongruja, Thidarat Rujirawat … (2014)
              The fungus-like organism Pythium insidiosum is the causative agent of a life-threatening tropical infectious disease, pythiosis, which has high rates of morbidity and mortality. A lack of reliable diagnostic tools and effective treatments for pythiosis presents a major challenge to healthcare professionals. Unfortunately, surgical removal of infected organs remains the default treatment for pythiosis. P. insidiosum is an understudied organism. In-depth study of the pathogen at the molecular level could lead to better means of infection control High quality genomic DNA (gDNA) is needed for molecular biology-based research and application development, such as: PCR-assisted diagnosis, population studies, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular genetics assays.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genome Announc
                Journal ID (hwp): ga
                Journal ID (pmc): ga
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GA
                Title: Genome Announcements
                Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2169-8287
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 June 2015
                Publication date Collection: May-Jun 2015
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: e00574-15
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [b ]Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
                [c ]Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [d ]Molecular Medicine Program, Multidisciplinary Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [e ]Genomic Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
                [f ]Bioinformatics and Data Management for Research, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
                [g ]Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
                [h ]CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, Floreat, Western Australia, Australia
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to Weerayuth Kittichotirat, weerayuth.kit@ 123456kmutt.ac.th , or Theerapong Krajaejun, mr_en@ 123456hotmail.com .

                T.R. and P.P. contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: genomeA00574-15
                DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00574-15
                PMC ID: 4472884
                PubMed ID: 26089407
                SO-VID: 7e486b60-f104-43d4-96e1-e942dc51fe84
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Rujirawat et al.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license.

                History
                Date received : 28 April 2015
                Date accepted : 19 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 2, Words: 1363
                Categories
                Subject: Eukaryotes
                Custom metadata
                cover-date May/June 2015
                access-type free

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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