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      Influencia de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la tenencia de canes y vacunación antirrábica en Lima Metropolitana Translated title: Influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and rabies vaccination in Metropolitan Lima

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la posible influencia de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre la tenencia de canes y prácticas de vacunación antirrábica en los pobladores de Lima Metropolitana (Perú), tomando como fuente de información la Encuesta Nacional de Programas Presupuestales (ENAPRES) realizada por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) en el periodo 2017-2021. La proporción de encuestados que poseían al menos un can por vivienda tuvo una tendencia creciente, alcanzando las mayores proporciones en los años de pandemia (2020: 47.5%; 2021: 50.8%). Los distritos de Lima Sur y Lima Centro presentaron la mayor (52.1-58%) y menor (31.6-42.4%) proporción de encuestados con canes, respectivamente. De acuerdo con el estrato socioeconómico (ESE), la tenencia de canes tuvo una relación inversa (rs=-0.95), habiendo una mayor proporción en el sector E (51.5-60.7%) y menor en el sector A (32.5-43.1%). La proporción de animales vacunados tuvo una tendencia decreciente, alcanzando las menores coberturas durante los años de pandemia (2020: 84.8%; 2021: 82.4%). La mayor proporción de canes vacunados se encontró en Lima Centro (88.1-95.9%). Según el ESE, la relación fue directa (rs=0.813). La mayor proporción de animales vacunados en los años prepandemia y pandemia se presentaron en los ESEA (90.3-95%) y B (87.8-94.8%), principalmente. En todos los años de estudio, las menores proporciones de animales vacunados se alcanzaron en el ESE E (75-80.2%). El estudio muestra que la tenencia de canes y las coberturas de vacunación antirrábica se vieron afectadas por la pandemia COVID-19. Los resultados pueden servir para valorar las medidas sanitarias implementadas para mantener a la capital libre de rabia urbana.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the possible influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on dog ownership and anti-rabies vaccination practices in Metropolitan Lima (Peru), taking as a source of information the National Survey of Budgetary Programmes (ENAPRES) carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) in the period 2017-2021. The proportion of respondents who owned at least one dog per household had an increasing trend, reaching the highest proportions in the pandemic years (2020: 47.5%; 2021: 50.8%). The districts of Lima Sur and Lima Centro presented the highest (52.1-58%) and lowest (31.6-42.4%) proportion of respondents with dogs, respectively. According to the socioeconomic stratum (ESE), dog ownership had an inverse relationship (rs=-0.95), with a higher proportion in sector E (51.5-60.7%) and lower in sector A (32.5-43.1%). The proportion of vaccinated animals had a decreasing trend, reaching the lowest coverage during the pandemic years (2020: 84.8%; 2021: 82.4%). The highest proportion of vaccinated dogs was found in Lima Centro (88.1-95.9%). According to ESE, the relationship was direct (rs=0.813). The highest proportion of vaccinated animals during the pre-pandemic and pandemic years occurred in ESEA (90.395%) and B (87.8-94.8%). In all the years of the study, the lowest proportions of vaccinated animals were in ESE E (75-80.2%). The study shows that dog ownership and rabies vaccination coverage were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The results can be used to assess the sanitary measures implemented to keep the capital free of urban rabies.

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          Estimating the Global Burden of Endemic Canine Rabies

          Background Rabies is a notoriously underreported and neglected disease of low-income countries. This study aims to estimate the public health and economic burden of rabies circulating in domestic dog populations, globally and on a country-by-country basis, allowing an objective assessment of how much this preventable disease costs endemic countries. Methodology/Principal Findings We established relationships between rabies mortality and rabies prevention and control measures, which we incorporated into a model framework. We used data derived from extensive literature searches and questionnaires on disease incidence, control interventions and preventative measures within this framework to estimate the disease burden. The burden of rabies impacts on public health sector budgets, local communities and livestock economies, with the highest risk of rabies in the poorest regions of the world. This study estimates that globally canine rabies causes approximately 59,000 (95% Confidence Intervals: 25-159,000) human deaths, over 3.7 million (95% CIs: 1.6-10.4 million) disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and 8.6 billion USD (95% CIs: 2.9-21.5 billion) economic losses annually. The largest component of the economic burden is due to premature death (55%), followed by direct costs of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP, 20%) and lost income whilst seeking PEP (15.5%), with only limited costs to the veterinary sector due to dog vaccination (1.5%), and additional costs to communities from livestock losses (6%). Conclusions/Significance This study demonstrates that investment in dog vaccination, the single most effective way of reducing the disease burden, has been inadequate and that the availability and affordability of PEP needs improving. Collaborative investments by medical and veterinary sectors could dramatically reduce the current large, and unnecessary, burden of rabies on affected communities. Improved surveillance is needed to reduce uncertainty in burden estimates and to monitor the impacts of control efforts.
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            Barriers to dog rabies vaccination during an urban rabies outbreak: Qualitative findings from Arequipa, Peru

            Background Canine rabies was reintroduced to the city of Arequipa, Peru in March 2015. The Ministry of Health has conducted a series of mass dog vaccination campaigns to contain the outbreak, but canine rabies virus transmission continues in Arequipa’s complex urban environment, putting the city’s 1 million inhabitants at risk of infection. The proximate driver of canine rabies in Arequipa is low dog vaccination coverage. Our objectives were to qualitatively assess barriers to and facilitators of rabies vaccination during mass campaigns, and to explore strategies to increase participation in future efforts. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted 8 focus groups (FG) in urban and peri-urban communities of Mariano Melgar district; each FG included both sexes, and campaign participants and non-participants. All FG were transcribed and then coded independently by two coders. Results were summarized using the Social Ecological Model. At the individual level, participants described not knowing enough about rabies and vaccination campaigns, mistrusting the campaign, and being unable to handle their dogs, particularly in peri-urban vs. urban areas. At the interpersonal level, we detected some social pressure to vaccinate dogs, as well as some disparaging of those who invest time and money in pet dogs. At the organizational level, participants found the campaign information to be insufficient and ill-timed, and campaign locations and personnel inadequate. At the community level, the influence of landscape and topography on accessibility to vaccination points was reported differently between participants from the urban and peri-urban areas. Poor security and impermanent housing materials in the peri-urban areas also drives higher prevalence of guard dog ownership for home protection; these dogs usually roam freely on the streets and are more difficult to handle and bring to the vaccination points. Conclusions A well-designed communication campaign could improve knowledge about canine rabies. Timely messages on where and when vaccination is occurring could increase dog owners’ perception of their own ability to bring their dogs to the vaccination points and be part of the campaign. Small changes in the implementation of the campaign at the vaccination points could increase the public’s trust and motivation. Location of vaccination points should take into account landscape and community concerns.
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              Pets, touch, and COVID-19: health benefits from non-human touch through times of stress

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rivep
                Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú
                Rev. investig. vet. Perú
                Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria (Lima, , Peru )
                1609-9117
                April 2023
                : 34
                : 2
                : e25103
                Affiliations
                [1] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Peru
                Article
                S1609-91172023000200024 S1609-9117(23)03400200024
                10.15381/rivep.v34i2.25103
                7fb9e110-15b0-4983-984a-fa7609af9c5c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 February 2023
                : 23 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos primarios

                zoonosis,dogs,COVID-19,public health,perros,pandemia,salud pública
                zoonosis, dogs, COVID-19, public health, perros, pandemia, salud pública

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