Evaluation of the relationship among gene expressions and enzyme activities with antioxidant role and presenilin 1 expression in Alzheimer&apos;s disease

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Abstract

It is known that oxidative stress originating from reactive oxygen species plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the role of antioxidant status associated with oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease was investigated. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 28 healthy individuals (as control) and 28 Alzheimer's patients who met the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Catalase, glutathione S‐transferase and paraoxonase 1 enzyme activities in blood plasma and glutathione S‐transferase enzyme activities in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometer. Catalase, glutathione S‐transferase and presenilin 1 gene expressions in leukocytes were determined using qRT‐PCR. Data were analysed with SPSS one‐way anova, a LSD post hoc test at p < 0.05. The activity of each enzyme was significantly reduced in Alzheimer's patients compared to control. The catalase gene expression level did not change compared to the control. Glutathione S‐transferase and presenilin 1 gene expression levels were increased compared to the control.

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A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.

M. Pfaffl (2001)

Use of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA products reverse transcribed from mRNA is on the way to becoming a routine tool in molecular biology to study low abundance gene expression. Real-time PCR is easy to perform, provides the necessary accuracy and produces reliable as well as rapid quantification results. But accurate quantification of nucleic acids requires a reproducible methodology and an adequate mathematical model for data analysis. This study enters into the particular topics of the relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR of a target gene transcript in comparison to a reference gene transcript. Therefore, a new mathematical model is presented. The relative expression ratio is calculated only from the real-time PCR efficiencies and the crossing point deviation of an unknown sample versus a control. This model needs no calibration curve. Control levels were included in the model to standardise each reaction run with respect to RNA integrity, sample loading and inter-PCR variations. High accuracy and reproducibility (<2.5% variation) were reached in LightCycler PCR using the established mathematical model.

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Glutathione transferases.

John Hayes, Jack U. Flanagan, Ian R Jowsey (2005)

This review describes the three mammalian glutathione transferase (GST) families, namely cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal GST, the latter now designated MAPEG. Besides detoxifying electrophilic xenobiotics, such as chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, and antitumor agents, these transferases inactivate endogenous alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, quinones, epoxides, and hydroperoxides formed as secondary metabolites during oxidative stress. These enzymes are also intimately involved in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, testosterone, and progesterone, as well as the degradation of tyrosine. Among their substrates, GSTs conjugate the signaling molecules 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and 4-hydroxynonenal with glutathione, and consequently they antagonize expression of genes trans-activated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Through metabolism of 15d-PGJ2, GST may enhance gene expression driven by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Cytosolic human GST exhibit genetic polymorphisms and this variation can increase susceptibility to carcinogenesis and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms in human MAPEG are associated with alterations in lung function and increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Targeted disruption of murine genes has demonstrated that cytosolic GST isoenzymes are broadly cytoprotective, whereas MAPEG proteins have proinflammatory activities. Furthermore, knockout of mouse GSTA4 and GSTZ1 leads to overexpression of transferases in the Alpha, Mu, and Pi classes, an observation suggesting they are part of an adaptive mechanism that responds to endogenous chemical cues such as 4-hydroxynonenal and tyrosine degradation products. Consistent with this hypothesis, the promoters of cytosolic GST and MAPEG genes contain antioxidant response elements through which they are transcriptionally activated during exposure to Michael reaction acceptors and oxidative stress.

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Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

Barry Halliwell, John M. C. Gutteridge (2015)

Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine has become a classic text in the field of free radical and antioxidant research. Now in its fifth edition, the book has been comprehensively rewritten and updated whilst maintaining the clarity of its predecessors. Two new chapters discuss 'in vivo' and 'dietary' antioxidants, the first emphasising the role of peroxiredoxins and integrated defence mechanisms which allow useful roles for ROS, and the second containing new information on the role of fruits, vegetables, and vitamins in health and disease. This new edition also contains expanded coverage of the mechanisms of oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, and proteins (and the repair of such damage), and the roles played by reactive species in signal transduction, cell survival, death, human reproduction, defence mechanisms of animals and plants against pathogens, and other important biological events. The methodologies available to measure reactive species and oxidative damage (and their potential pitfalls) have been fully updated, as have the topics of phagocyte ROS production, NADPH oxidase enzymes, and toxicology. There is a detailed and critical evaluation of the role of free radicals and other reactive species in human diseases, especially cancer, cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. New aspects of ageing are discussed in the context of the free radical theory of ageing. This book is recommended as a comprehensive introduction to the field for students, educators, clinicians, and researchers. It will also be an invaluable companion to all those interested in the role of free radicals in the life and biomedical sciences.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Abdullah Tunç:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-5897

atunc@bingol.edu.tr

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Cell Mol Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Cell Mol Med

Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1582-4934

Journal ID (publisher-id): JCMM

Title: Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Print): 1582-1838

ISSN (Electronic): 1582-4934

Publication date (Electronic): 29 September 2023

Publication date Collection: November 2023

Volume: 27

Issue: 21 ( doiID: 10.1111/jcmm.v27.21 )

Pages: 3388-3394

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Bilecik Turkey

[ ² ] Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences Bingöl University Bingöl Turkey

[ ³ ] Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Kafkas University Kars Turkey

[ ⁴ ] Department of Anesthesia Regional Training and Research Hospital Erzurum Turkey

[ ⁵ ] Department of Neurology Çekirge Public Hospital Bursa Turkey

[ ⁶ ] Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Atatürk University Erzurum Turkey

[ ⁷ ] Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Anadolu University Eskişehir Turkey

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence

Abdullah Tunç, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey.

Email: atunc@ 123456bingol.edu.tr

Author information

Mesut Işık https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4677-8104

Abdullah Tunç https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-5897

Hatice Esra Duran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2080-0091

Muhammet Emin Naldan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7492-1975

Mehmet Nuri Koçak https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0828-520X

Şükrü Beydemir https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-6902

Article

Publisher ID: JCMM17953 Other ID: JCMM-06-2023-042.R1

DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17953

PMC ID: 10623531

PubMed ID: 37772794

SO-VID: 81423c03-53b7-474d-acc8-dc9072ece86e

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date revision received : 15 August 2023

Date received : 05 June 2023

Date accepted : 01 September 2023

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 7, Words: 4733

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source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date November 2023

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.3.4 mode:remove_FC converted:03.11.2023

ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

Keywords: alzheimer's disease,antioxidant status,enzyme activity,gene expression,paraoxonase 1,presenilin 1

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine

Keywords: alzheimer's disease, antioxidant status, enzyme activity, gene expression, paraoxonase 1, presenilin 1

Evaluation of the relationship among gene expressions and enzyme activities with antioxidant role and presenilin 1 expression in Alzheimer's disease

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Alternative approaches to Alzheimer's Disease

Most cited references 55

A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR.

Glutathione transferases.

Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine

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