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      The Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Marine Reserves

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      Journal: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Designing marine reserve networks for both conservation and fisheries management.

          Steven D Gaines, Crow White, Mark Carr … (2010)
          Marine protected areas (MPAs) that exclude fishing have been shown repeatedly to enhance the abundance, size, and diversity of species. These benefits, however, mean little to most marine species, because individual protected areas typically are small. To meet the larger-scale conservation challenges facing ocean ecosystems, several nations are expanding the benefits of individual protected areas by building networks of protected areas. Doing so successfully requires a detailed understanding of the ecological and physical characteristics of ocean ecosystems and the responses of humans to spatial closures. There has been enormous scientific interest in these topics, and frameworks for the design of MPA networks for meeting conservation and fishery management goals are emerging. Persistent in the literature is the perception of an inherent tradeoff between achieving conservation and fishery goals. Through a synthetic analysis across these conservation and bioeconomic studies, we construct guidelines for MPA network design that reduce or eliminate this tradeoff. We present size, spacing, location, and configuration guidelines for designing networks that simultaneously can enhance biological conservation and reduce fishery costs or even increase fishery yields and profits. Indeed, in some settings, a well-designed MPA network is critical to the optimal harvest strategy. When reserves benefit fisheries, the optimal area in reserves is moderately large (mode ≈30%). Assessing network design principals is limited currently by the absence of empirical data from large-scale networks. Emerging networks will soon rectify this constraint.
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            PROPAGULE DISPERSAL IN MARINE AND TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS: A COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVE

            Brian P Kinlan, Steven D Gaines (2003)
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              Relationships between body size and some life history parameters.

              L Blueweiss, H. Fox, V Kudzma … (1978)
              Patterns in life history phenomena may be demonstrated by examining wide ranges of body weight. Positive relationships exist between adult body size and the clutch size of poikilotherms, litter weight, neonate weight life span, maturation time and, for homeotherms at least, brood or gestation time. The complex of these factors reduces r max in larger animals or, in more physiological terms, r max is set by individual growth rate. Comparison of neonatal production with ingestion and assimilation suggests that larger mammals put proportionately less effort into reproduction. Declining parental investment and longer development times would result if neonatal weight is scaled allometrically to adult weight and neonatal growth rate to neonatal weight. Body size relations represent general ecological theries and therefore hold considerable promise in the development of predictive ecology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 1543-592X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-2069
                Publication date Created: December 04 2015
                Publication date (Print): December 04 2015
                Volume: 46
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 49-73
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-112414-054424
                SO-VID: 82188ab9-28f7-4ab3-aa21-8721337828fa
                Copyright © © 2015
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