Associations of HIV and iron status with gut microbiota composition, gut inflammation and gut integrity in South African school‐age children: a two‐way factorial case–control study

Abstract

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and iron deficiency (ID) affect many African children. Both HIV and iron status interact with gut microbiota composition and related biomarkers. The study's aim was to determine the associations of HIV and iron status with gut microbiota composition, gut inflammation and gut integrity in South African school‐age children.

Methods

In this two‐way factorial case–control study, 8‐ to 13‐year‐old children were enrolled into four groups based on their HIV and iron status: (1) With HIV (HIV+) and ID ( n = 43), (2) HIV+ and iron‐sufficient nonanaemic ( n = 41), (3) without HIV (HIV−) and ID ( n = 44) and (4) HIV− and iron‐sufficient nonanaemic ( n = 38). HIV+ children were virally suppressed (<50 HIV RNA copies/ml) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Microbial composition of faecal samples (16S rRNA sequencing) and markers of gut inflammation (faecal calprotectin) and gut integrity (plasma intestinal fatty acid–binding protein [I‐FABP]) were assessed.

Results

Faecal calprotectin was higher in ID versus iron‐sufficient nonanaemic children ( p = 0.007). I‐FABP did not significantly differ by HIV or iron status. ART‐treated HIV (redundancy analysis [RDA] R ² = 0.009, p = 0.029) and age (RDA R ² = 0.013 p = 0.004) explained the variance in the gut microbiota across the four groups. Probabilistic models showed that the relative abundance of the butyrate‐producing genera Anaerostipes and Anaerotruncus was lower in ID versus iron‐sufficient children. Fusicatenibacter was lower in HIV+ and in ID children versus their respective counterparts. The prevalence of the inflammation‐associated genus Megamonas was 42% higher in children with both HIV and ID versus HIV− and iron‐sufficient nonanaemic counterparts.

Conclusions

In our sample of 8‐ to 13‐year‐old virally suppressed HIV+ and HIV− children with or without ID, ID was associated with increased gut inflammation and changes in the relative abundance of specific microbiota. Moreover, in HIV+ children, ID had a cumulative effect that further shifted the gut microbiota to an unfavourable composition.

Key points

• 1.

  Iron deficiency (ID) was associated with higher gut inflammation measured by faecal calprotectin.

• 2.

  Gut mucosal integrity measured by intestinal fatty acid–binding protein did not differ by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or iron status.

• 3.

  In HIV+ children, ID had a cumulative effect that promoted an unfavourable gut microbiota composition.