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      From Normal Skin to Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Quest for Novel Biomarkers

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          Abstract

          Squamous cells carcinoma (SCC) is the second most frequent of the keratinocyte-derived malignancies after basal cell carcinoma and is associated with a significant psychosocial and economic burden for both the patient himself and society. Reported risk factors for the malignant transformation of keratinocytes and development of SCC include ultraviolet light exposure, followed by chronic scarring and inflammation, exposure to chemical compounds (arsenic, insecticides, and pesticides), and immune-suppression. Despite various available treatment methods and recent advances in noninvasive or minimal invasive diagnostic techniques, the risk recurrence and metastasis are far from being negligible, even in patients with negative histological margins and lymph nodes. Analyzing normal, dysplastic, and malignant keratinocyte proteome holds special promise for novel biomarker discovery in SCC that could be used in the future for early detection, risk assessment, tumor monitoring, and development of targeted therapeutic strategies.

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          Most cited references144

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          APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis.

          S Powell, N Zilz, Y Beazer-Barclay … (1992)
          Human tumorigenesis is associated with the accumulation of mutations both in oncogenes and in tumour suppressor genes. But in no common adult cancer have the mutations that are critical in the early stages of the tumorigenic process been defined. We have attempted to determine if mutations of the APC gene play such a role in human colorectal tumours, which evolve from small benign tumours (adenomas) to larger malignant tumours (carcinomas) over the course of several decades. Here we report that sequence analysis of 41 colorectal tumours revealed that the majority of colorectal carcinomas (60%) and adenomas (63%) contained a mutated APC gene. Furthermore, the APC gene met two criteria of importance for tumour initiation. First, mutations of this gene were found in the earliest tumours that could be analysed, including adenomas as small as 0.5 cm in diameter. Second, the frequency of such mutations remained constant as tumours progressed from benign to malignant stages. These data provide strong evidence that mutations of the APC gene play a major role in the early development of colorectal neoplasms.
          Article 0 comments Cited 302 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The epidemiology of UV induced skin cancer

            Bruce Armstrong, Anne Kricker (2001)
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              Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006.

              Howard W Rogers, Martin Weinstock, Ashlynne R. Harris … (2010)
              To estimate the incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in the US population in 2006 and secondarily to indicate trends in numbers of procedures for skin cancer treatment. A descriptive analysis of population-based claims and US Census Bureau data combined with a population-based cross-sectional survey using multiple US government data sets, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Fee-for-Service Physicians Claims databases, to calculate totals of skin cancer procedures performed for Medicare beneficiaries in 1992 and from 1996 to 2006 and related parameters. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Service database was used to estimate NMSC-related office visits. We combined these to estimate totals of new skin cancer diagnoses and affected individuals in the overall US population. The total number of procedures for skin cancer in the Medicare fee-for-service population increased by 76.9% from 1 158 298 in 1992 to 2 048 517 in 2006. The age-adjusted procedure rate per year per 100 000 beneficiaries increased from 3514 in 1992 to 6075 in 2006. From 2002 to 2006 (the years for which the databases allow procedure linkage to patient demographics and diagnoses), the number of procedures for NMSC in the Medicare population increased by 16.0%. In this period, the number of procedures per affected patient increased by 1.5%, and the number of persons with at least 1 procedure increased by 14.3%. We estimate the total number of NMSCs in the US population in 2006 at 3 507 693 and the total number of persons in the United States treated for NMSC at 2 152 500. The number of skin cancers in Medicare beneficiaries increased dramatically over the years 1992 to 2006, due mainly to an increase in the number of affected individuals. Using nationally representative databases, we provide evidence of much higher overall totals of skin cancer diagnoses and patients in the US population than previous estimates. These data give the most complete evaluation to date of the underrecognized epidemic of skin cancer in the United States.
              Article 0 comments Cited 249 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Dis Markers
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Dis. Markers
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DM
                Title: Disease Markers
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 0278-0240
                ISSN (Electronic): 1875-8630
                Publication date (Print): 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 August 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: 4517492
                Affiliations
                1Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
                2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
                3Dermatology Research Laboratory, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
                4Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
                5Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
                6Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Simone Ribero

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5671-9378
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7565-9964
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5438-0817
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4200-3069
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1749-4102
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-5579
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4530-7965
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2016/4517492
                PMC ID: 5011506
                SO-VID: 8335be5c-fb7b-4ba7-80a9-1ff7f95068ff
                Copyright © Copyright © 2016 Vlad Voiculescu et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 7 April 2016
                Date accepted : 25 July 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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