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      Scaling laws in natural conversations among elderly people

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      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: PLoS ONE
      Publisher: Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          Language is a result of brain function; thus, impairment in cognitive function can result in language disorders. Understanding the aging of brain functions in terms of language processing is crucial for modern aging societies. Previous studies have shown that language characteristics, such as verbal fluency, are associated with cognitive functions. However, the scaling laws in language in elderly people remain poorly understood. In the current study, we recorded large-scale data of one million words from group conversations among healthy elderly people and analyzed the relationship between spoken language and cognitive functions in terms of scaling laws, namely, Zipf’s law and Heaps’ law. We found that word patterns followed these scaling laws irrespective of cognitive function, and that the variations in Heaps’ exponents were associated with cognitive function. Moreover, variations in Heaps’ exponents were associated with the ratio of new words taken from the other participants’ speech. These results indicate that the exponents of scaling laws in language are related to cognitive processes.

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          The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment.

          Ziad S Nasreddine, Natalie Phillips, Valérie Bédirian … (2005)
          To develop a 10-minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first-line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia. Validation study. A community clinic and an academic center. Ninety-four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score > or =17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC). The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD. Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively). MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI as currently conceptualized in patients performing in the normal range on the MMSE.
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            Dementia prevention, intervention, and care

            Gill Livingston, Andrew Sommerlad, Vasiliki Orgeta … (2018)
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              Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data

              Aaron Clauset, Cosma Rohilla Shalizi, M. Newman (2009)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Masato S. Abe:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-1179
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Mihoko Otake-Matsuura:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-276X
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Eduardo G. Altmann: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 February 2021
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0246884
                Affiliations
                [001] Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, RIKEN, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
                University of Sydney, AUSTRALIA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-1179
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-276X
                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-20-21971
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246884
                PMC ID: 7894956
                PubMed ID: 33606774
                SO-VID: 85b372d9-30dd-45b9-b426-5cd69a06e8ff
                Copyright © © 2021 Abe, Otake-Matsuura
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 15 July 2020
                Date accepted : 27 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 3, Pages: 14
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)
                Award ID: JP18K18140
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0468-1179
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)
                Award ID: JP17H05920, JP18KT0035, JP19H01138, JP20H05022, JP20H05574
                Award Recipient :
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3644-276X
                This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18K18140 (MSA), JP17H05920 (MO), JP18KT0035 (MO), JP19H01138 (MO), JP20H05022 (MO), JP20H05574 (MO).
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Linguistics
                Subject: Computational Linguistics
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Language
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Language
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Cognitive Psychology
                Subject: Language
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Neurology
                Subject: Cognitive Impairment
                Subject: Medicine and Health Sciences
                Subject: Health Care
                Subject: Geriatric Care
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Verbal Behavior
                Subject: Verbal Communication
                Subject: Social Sciences
                Subject: Psychology
                Subject: Behavior
                Subject: Verbal Behavior
                Subject: Verbal Communication
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognition
                Subject: Memory
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Learning and Memory
                Subject: Memory
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Organism Development
                Subject: Aging
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Physiology
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Aging
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Cognitive Science
                Subject: Cognition
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