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      Gyroid cuticular structures in butterfly wing scales: biological photonic crystals

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          Abstract

          We present a systematic study of the cuticular structure in the butterfly wing scales of some papilionids ( Parides sesostris and Teinopalpus imperialis) and lycaenids ( Callophrys rubi, Cyanophrys remus, Mitoura gryneus and Callophrys dumetorum). Using published scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, analytical modelling and computer-generated TEM micrographs, we find that the three-dimensional cuticular structures can be modelled by gyroid structures with various filling fractions and lattice parameters. We give a brief discussion of the formation of cubic gyroid membranes from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the scale's cell, which dry and harden to leave the cuticular structure behind when the cell dies. The scales of C. rubi are a potentially attractive biotemplate for producing three-dimensional optical photonic crystals since for these scales the cuticle-filling fraction is nearly optimal for obtaining the largest photonic band gap in a gyroid structure.

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          Photonic structures in biology.

          Pete Vukusic, J. Roy Sambles (2003)
          Millions of years before we began to manipulate the flow of light using synthetic structures, biological systems were using nanometre-scale architectures to produce striking optical effects. An astonishing variety of natural photonic structures exists: a species of Brittlestar uses photonic elements composed of calcite to collect light, Morpho butterflies use multiple layers of cuticle and air to produce their striking blue colour and some insects use arrays of elements, known as nipple arrays, to reduce reflectivity in their compound eyes. Natural photonic structures are providing inspiration for technological applications.
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            Structural colors in nature: the role of regularity and irregularity in the structure.

            Shuichi Kinoshita, Shinya Yoshioka (2005)
            Coloring in nature mostly comes from the inherent colors of materials, but it sometimes has a purely physical origin, such as diffraction or interference of light. The latter, called structural color or iridescence, has long been a problem of scientific interest. Recently, structural colors have attracted great interest because their applications have been rapidly progressing in many fields related to vision, such as the paint, automobile, cosmetics, and textile industries. As the research progresses, however, it has become clear that these colors are due to the presence of surprisingly minute microstructures, which are hardly attainable even by ultramodern nanotechnology. Fundamentally, most of the structural colors originate from basic optical processes represented by thin-film interference, multilayer interference, a diffraction grating effect, photonic crystals, light scattering, and so on. However, to enhance the perception of the eyes, natural creatures have produced various designs, in the course of evolution, to fulfill simultaneously high reflectivity in a specific wavelength range and the generation of diffusive light in a wide angular range. At a glance, these two characteristics seem to contradict each other in the usual optical sense, but these seemingly conflicting requirements are realized by combining appropriate amounts of regularity and irregularity of the structure. In this Review, we first explain the fundamental optical properties underlying the structural colors, and then survey these mysteries of nature from the viewpoint of regularity and irregularity of the structure. Finally, we propose a general principle of structural colors based on structural hierarchy and show their up-to-date applications.
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              Quantified interference and diffraction in single Morpho butterfly scales

              P Vukusic, J. Sambles, C. Lawrence … (1999)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J R Soc Interface
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RSIF
                Title: Journal of the Royal Society Interface
                Publisher: The Royal Society (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1742-5689
                ISSN (Electronic): 1742-5662
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 June 2007
                Publication date (Print): 6 January 2008
                Volume: 5
                Issue: 18
                Pages: 85-94
                Affiliations
                [1 ]EMBD, Vlasakker 21 2160 Wommelgem, Belgium
                [2 ]Department of Neurobiophysics, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [* ]Author for correspondence ( d.g.stavenga@ 123456rug.nl )
                Article
                Publisher ID: rsif20071065
                DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2007.1065
                PMC ID: 2709202
                PubMed ID: 17567555
                SO-VID: 85bc5a1c-6666-46eb-a3d1-8f366d994bec
                Copyright © Copyright © 2007 The Royal Society
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 3 April 2007
                Date revision received : 23 April 2007
                Date accepted : 23 May 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: lepidoptera,cubic surfaces,self-assembly,structural colour,gyroid
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Life sciences
                Keywords: lepidoptera, cubic surfaces, self-assembly, structural colour, gyroid

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