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      Origin and Chemical Variation of Brazilian Propolis

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          Abstract

          Propolis is a hive product containing chiefly beeswax and plant-derived substances such as resin and volatile compounds. Propolis has been used as an antiseptic and wound healer since ancient times and interest for the product has increased recently. Probably few plant species contribute as major resin sources. Green propolis derives mainly from vegetative apices of Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim plants). However, wide variation detected in the chemical composition suggests contributions from alternative resin plant sources. Predominant components of the resin of green propolis are cinnamic acids, chiefly compounds bearing prenyl groups. Terpenoid compounds, such as sesqui, di and pentacyclic triterpenoids, have been detected in many, but not all, samples investigated. Propolis research has uncovered potentialities of substances previously isolated from plants and has detected constituents of plant origin that would hardly be known otherwise.

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          Most cited references47

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          Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity of propolis of different geographic origin.

          Propolis samples from different geographic origins were investigated for their antibacterial (against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), antifungal (against Candida albicans) and antiviral (against Avian influenza virus) activities. All samples were active against the fungal and Gram-positive bacterial test strains, and most showed antiviral activity. The activities of all samples were similar in spite of the differences in their chemical composition. In samples from the temperate zone, flavonoids and esters of phenolic acids are known to be responsible for the above mentioned activities of bee glue; tropical samples did not contain such substances but showed similar activities. Obviously, in different samples, different substance combinations are essential for the biological activity of the bee glue. It seems that propolis has general pharmacological value as a natural mixture and not as a source of new powerful antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral compounds.
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            Recent progress in pharmacological research of propolis.

            Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources. It is a popular folk medicine possessing a broad spectrum of biological activities. It has also been used as a health drink in various Asian, European and American countries. Several groups of researchers have focused their attention on the biological activity of propolis and its active principles. Many scientific articles are published every year in different international journals related to the pharmacological properties of propolis. This review article compiles recent findings (since 1995) on the pharmacological properties of propolis focusing on its antihepatotoxic, antitumour, antioxidative, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory properties. The possible mechanism of action of propolis as well as the active compounds are discussed. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis.

              Brazilian propolis has been classified into 12 groups based on physicochemical characteristics: five in the southern Brazil group (group 3), one in the southeastern Brazil group (group 12), and six in the northeastern Brazil group (group 6). The plant origins of these groups were investigated using reversed-phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RPHPTLC), reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was concluded that the origins of propolis group 3, group 6, and group 12 are resins of the poplar tree, Hyptis divaricata, and Baccharis dracunculifolia, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
                Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
                Oxford University Press
                1741-427X
                1741-4288
                March 2005
                09 February 2005
                : 2
                : 1
                : 33-38
                Affiliations
                1Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo São Paulo, SP, Brazil
                2APTA (Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios)/SAA-SP Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil
                3Viçosa Federal University, Department of Animal Biology Viçosa, MG, Brazil
                Author notes
                *For reprints and all correspondence: Antonio Salatino, University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Botany, C. Postal. 11461, 05422-970, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel.: +55 11 3091 7532; Fax: +55 11 3091 7416; E-mail: asalatin@ 123456ib.usp.br
                Article
                10.1093/ecam/neh060
                1062153
                15841276
                89a2122c-256f-44cd-ba9f-a7f69a871d46
                © The Author (2005). Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.

                The online version of this article has been published under an open access model. Users are entitled to use, reproduce, disseminate, or display the open access version of this article for non-commercial purposes provided that: the original authorship is properly and fully attributed; the Journal and Oxford University Press are attributed as the original place of publication with the correct citation details given; if an article is subsequently reproduced or disseminated not in its entirety but only in part or as a derivative work this must be clearly indicated. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@ 123456oupjournals.org

                History
                : 01 October 2004
                : 10 January 2005
                Categories
                Review

                Complementary & Alternative medicine
                terpenoids,baccharis dracunculifolia,flavonoids,prenylated phenylpropanoids,africanized apis mellifera,propolis

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