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      Post-exposure prophylaxis or pre-emptive therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): study protocol for a pragmatic randomized-controlled trial Translated title: Prophylaxie post-exposition ou traitement préventif pour le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère du coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) : protocole d’étude pour une étude randomisée contrôlée pragmatique

      research-article
      , MD 1 , 2 , , , DO 3 , , BSc 4 , 5 , , MSc 6 , , MDCM 7 , 8 , , MD 9 , , MSc 6 , , PhD 6 , , PhD 10 , , MD, MPH, FIDSA 11 , , MD 3 , , MD, MPH 2 , 12 , , RN 13 , , MD, MSc 11 , , BS 3 , , BS 3 , , MD 3 , , MD 3 , , MD, PhD 4 , , MD 3 , , MD, MSc 14 , 15 , , MD, MSc 1 , 16 , 17 , , MD, MPH 3
      Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
      Springer International Publishing
      Hydroxychloroquine, COVID-19, clinical trials, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, post-exposure prophylaxis, pre-emptive therapy, healthcare worker

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          Abstract

          Background

          The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 causing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, there is a lack of evidence-based therapies to prevent COVID-19 following exposure to the virus, or to prevent worsening of symptoms following confirmed infection. We describe the design of a clinical trial of hydroxychloroquine for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and pre-emptive therapy (PET) for COVID-19.

          Methods

          We will conduct two nested multicentre international double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials of hydroxychloroquine for: 1) PEP of asymptomatic household contacts or healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 within the past four days, and 2) PET for symptomatic outpatients with COVID-19 showing symptoms for less than four days. We will recruit 1,500 patients each for the PEP and PET trials. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive five days of hydroxychloroquine or placebo. The primary PEP trial outcome will be the incidence of symptomatic COVID-19. The primary PET trial outcome will be an ordinal scale of disease severity (not hospitalized, hospitalized without intensive care, hospitalization with intensive care, or death). Participant screening, informed consent, and follow-up will be exclusively internet-based with appropriate regulatory and research ethics board approvals in Canada and the United States.

          Discussion

          These complementary randomized-controlled trials are innovatively designed and adequately powered to rapidly answer urgent questions regarding the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine to reduce virus transmission and disease severity of COVID-19 during a pandemic. In-person participant follow-up will not be conducted to facilitate social distancing strategies and reduce risks of exposure to study personnel. Innovative trial approaches are needed to urgently assess therapeutic options to mitigate the global impact of this pandemic.

          Trials registration

          clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04308668); registered 16 March, 2020.

          Résumé

          Contexte

          Le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère du coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) est apparu en décembre 2019, provoquant la pandémie de la COVID-19. À l’heure actuelle, il n’existe aucun traitement fondé sur des données probantes permettant de prévenir la COVID-19 suite à une exposition au virus ou de prévenir l’aggravation des symptômes suite à une infection confirmée. Nous décrivons la conception d’une étude clinique examinant l’utilisation d’hydroxychloroquine en tant que prophylaxie post-exposition (PPE) et de traitement préventif (TP) pour la COVID-19.

          Méthode

          Nous réaliserons deux études cliniques imbriquées contrôlées par placebo, randomisées, à double insu, internationales et multicentriques examinant l’utilisation d’hydroxychloroquine pour : 1) la prophylaxie post-exposition des contacts asymptomatiques dans un même foyer ou les travailleurs de la santé exposés à la COVID-19 au cours des quatre derniers jours, et 2) le traitement préventif des patients symptomatiques en ambulatoire atteints de COVID-19 et présentant des symptômes pour une durée totale de moins de quatre jours. Nous recruterons 1500 patients pour chaque bras de l’étude (PPE et TP). Les participants seront randomisés à un ratio de 1 : 1 pour recevoir cinq jours d’hydroxychloroquine ou de placebo. Le critère d’évaluation principal de l’étude PPE sera l’incidence de COVID-19 symptomatique. Le critère d’évaluation principal de l’étude TP consistera en une échelle ordinale de la gravité de la maladie (pas d’hospitalisation, hospitalisation sans soins intensifs, hospitalisation avec soins intensifs, ou décès). La sélection des participants, le consentement éclairé et le suivi se feront exclusivement en ligne après avoir obtenu les consentements réglementaires et des comités d’éthique de la recherche appropriés au Canada et aux États-Unis.

          Discussion

          Ces études randomisées contrôlées complémentaires sont conçues de façon innovatrice et disposent de la puissance nécessaire pour répondre rapidement aux questions urgentes quant à l’efficacité de l’hydroxychloroquine pour réduire la transmission et la gravité de la maladie de la COVID-19 pendant une pandémie. Le suivi des participants ne sera pas réalisé en personne afin de faciliter les stratégies de distanciation sociale et de réduire le risque d’exposition du personnel de l’étude. Des approches innovatrices d’études sont nécessaires afin d’évaluer rapidement les options thérapeutiques pour mitiger l’impact global de cette pandémie.

          Enregistrement de l’étude

          clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04308668); enregistrées le 16 mars 2020.

          Related collections

          Most cited references20

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China

            Abstract Background Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. Methods We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. Results The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. Conclusions During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)
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              Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

              In December 2019, novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)-infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, China. The number of cases has increased rapidly but information on the clinical characteristics of affected patients is limited.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                slother@manitoba-physicians.ca
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                7 May 2020
                : 1-11
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Critical Care, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [2 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [3 ]GRID grid.17635.36, ISNI 0000000419368657, Department of Medicine, , University of Minnesota, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.17089.37, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, , University of Alberta, ; Edmonton, AB Canada
                [5 ]GRID grid.8217.c, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9705, School of Medicine, , Trinity College Dublin, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [6 ]GRID grid.17635.36, ISNI 0000000419368657, Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, , University of Minnesota, ; Minneapolis, MN USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.63984.30, ISNI 0000 0000 9064 4811, Divisions of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology, , McGill University Health Centre, ; Montreal, QC Canada
                [8 ]McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, QC Canada
                [9 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Medicine, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [10 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Department of Pharmacology, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [11 ]GRID grid.14709.3b, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8649, Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, , McGill University, ; Montreal, QC Canada
                [12 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Community Health Sciences, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [13 ]GRID grid.416356.3, ISNI 0000 0000 8791 8068, Critical Care Research, , St-Boniface Hospital, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [14 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, CHU de Québec – Université Laval Research Centre, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit Trauma - Emergency - Critical Care Medicine, , Université Laval, ; Quebec, QC Canada
                [15 ]GRID grid.23856.3a, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8390, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, , Université Laval, ; Quebec, QC Canada
                [16 ]GRID grid.21613.37, ISNI 0000 0004 1936 9609, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, , University of Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                [17 ]GRID grid.419404.c, ISNI 0000 0001 0701 0170, Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, , CancerCare Manitoba, ; Winnipeg, MB Canada
                Article
                1684
                10.1007/s12630-020-01684-7
                7205369
                32383125
                8af6dbee-0f17-4fb4-8b91-22615093ffa5
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 21 April 2020
                : 21 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: Alliance of Minnesota Chinese Organizations
                Funded by: Minnesota Chinese Chamber of Commerce, and University of Minnesota
                Funded by: Canadian Funding by the Manitoba Medical Service Foundation
                Funded by: Purolator Canada
                Funded by: U.S. Funding by Jan and David Baszucki
                Categories
                Special Article

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                hydroxychloroquine,covid-19,clinical trials,coronavirus,sars-cov-2,post-exposure prophylaxis,pre-emptive therapy,healthcare worker

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