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      Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: assessment of risk factors Translated title: Leishmaniose visceral canina em Barra de Guaratiba, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: avaliação dos fatores de risco

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          Abstract

          Barra de Guaratiba is a coastal area of the city of Rio de Janeiro where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is endemic. Although control measures including killing of dogs and use of insecticides have been applied at this locality, the canine seroprevalence remains at 25% and during 1995 and 1997 eight autochthonous human cases were notified. In order to evaluate factors related to the increase of the risk for Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs we have screened 365 dogs by anti-Leishmania immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and captured sandflies in the domestic and peridomestic environment. Some variables related to the infection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The distance of the residence from the forest border, its altitude and the presence of the opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the backyard, were found predictor factors for L. (L.) chagasi infection in dogs in Barra de Guaratiba. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the peridomestic environment indicates the possibility of appearence of new human cases. Our data also suggest the presence of a sylvatic enzootic cycle at this locality.

          Translated abstract

          Barra de Guaratiba é uma região litorânea da cidade do Rio de Janeiro onde a leishmaniose visceral americana é endêmica. Apesar das medidas de controle aplicadas nessa localidade, incluindo sacrifício de cães e borrifação de inseticidas, a soroprevalência canina está estimada em 25% e durante 1995 e 1997, 8 casos humanos autóctones foram notificados. Para avaliar fatores de risco relacionados com o aumento da infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi em cães, nós examinamos 365 cães utilizando a técnica de Imunofluorescência Indireta (IFAT) e capturamos flebótomos em ambientes doméstico e peridoméstico. Algumas variáveis relacionadas à infecção foram avaliadas por análise uni e multivariada. A distância da residência a borda da floresta, sua altitude e presença do gambá Didelphis marsupialis no quintal, foram considerados fatores preditores da infecção por Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasiem cães de Barra de Guaratiba. A presença de Lutzomyia longipalpis em ambiente peridoméstico indica a possibilidade de ocorrência de novos casos humanos. Nossos dados também sugerem a presença de um ciclo enzoótico nessa localidade.

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          Heterogeneities in the transmission of infectious agents: Implications for the design of control programs

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            Fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. Technical modification employing preserved culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in a slide test.

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              Cellular and humoral immune responses in dogs experimentally and naturally infected with Leishmania infantum.

              In this paper we describe a number of immunological parameters for dogs with a chronic Leishmania infantum infection which exhibit patterns of progressive disease or apparent resistance. The outcome of infection was assessed by isolation of parasites, serum antibody titers to Leishmania antigen, and development of clinical signs of leishmaniasis. Our studies show that 3 years after experimental infection, asymptomatic or resistant dogs responded to L. infantum antigen both in lymphocyte proliferation assays in vitro and in delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, whereas no serum antibodies to parasite antigen were shown. In contrast, symptomatic or susceptible animals failed to respond to parasite antigen in cell-mediated assays both in vitro and in vivo and showed considerably higher serum antibodies to leishmanial antigens. In addition, significantly higher level of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor were found in supernatants from stimulated peripheral mononuclear cells from asymptomatic dogs compared with those from symptomatic and control uninfected dogs. IL-6 production did not vary significantly among the groups studied. Finally, we observed similar results with a group of mixed-breed dogs with natural Leishmania infections also grouped as asymptomatic or symptomatic on the basis of clinical signs of canine visceral leishmaniasis. These results demonstrate that serum antibody titers, antigen-specific proliferative responses, delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions, and IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor production by peripheral mononuclear cells can be used as markers of disease progression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rimtsp
                Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo
                Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo
                Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                1678-9946
                April 2003
                : 45
                : 2
                : 79-83
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFIOCRUZ orgdiv1Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Brazil
                [02] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFIOCRUZ orgdiv1Instituto Oswaldo Cruz orgdiv2Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos Brazil
                Article
                S0036-46652003000200005 S0036-4665(03)04500205
                10.1590/S0036-46652003000200005
                8e641960-0068-4b28-831a-6234f6f6ed17

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 February 2003
                : 27 August 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Leishmaniasis

                Visceral leishmaniasis,Reservoirs,Epidemiology
                Visceral leishmaniasis, Reservoirs, Epidemiology

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