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      A new species and first record of the genus Procerobaetis Kaltenbach & Gattolliat, 2020 (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from Thailand

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          Abstract

          The genus Procerobaetis Kaltenbach & Gattolliat, 2020 is reported for the first time from Thailand, and Procerobaetis totuspinosus sp. nov. is described as a new species based on larvae. It can be easily distinguished from other known Procerobaetis species by the presence of triangular spines at the posterior margin of tergites VI–IX. COI sequences were obtained from all known species. The genetic distances (Kimura 2-parameter) between the new species and the other species are between 20% and 23%. The morphological characters of the new species and its closely related species are discussed; larval key to all species of the genus Procerobaetis is also provided.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Michael KaWah Li … (2018)
          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences.

            Motoo Kimura (1980)
            Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or "transition" type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or "transversion" type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = -(1/2) ln [(1-2P-Q) square root of 1-2Q]. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = -(1/2) ln (1-2P-Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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              Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.

              Paul Hebert, Alina Cywinska, Shelley Ball … (2003)
              Although much biological research depends upon species diagnoses, taxonomic expertise is collapsing. We are convinced that the sole prospect for a sustainable identification capability lies in the construction of systems that employ DNA sequences as taxon 'barcodes'. We establish that the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) can serve as the core of a global bioidentification system for animals. First, we demonstrate that COI profiles, derived from the low-density sampling of higher taxonomic categories, ordinarily assign newly analysed taxa to the appropriate phylum or order. Second, we demonstrate that species-level assignments can be obtained by creating comprehensive COI profiles. A model COI profile, based upon the analysis of a single individual from each of 200 closely allied species of lepidopterans, was 100% successful in correctly identifying subsequent specimens. When fully developed, a COI identification system will provide a reliable, cost-effective and accessible solution to the current problem of species identification. Its assembly will also generate important new insights into the diversification of life and the rules of molecular evolution.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Boonsatien Boonsoong:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-0021
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 2
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048D35-BB1D-5CE8-9668-537E44BD4C7E
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 March 2021
                Volume: 1023
                Pages: 13-28
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Animal Systematics and Ecology Speciality Research Unit (ASESRU), Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand
                [2 ] Museum of Zoology, Palais de Rumine, Place Riponne 6, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Museum of Zoology Lausanne Switzerland
                [3 ] University of Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Ecology and Evolution, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Boonsatien Boonsoong ( fscibtb@ 123456ku.ac.th )

                Academic editor: L. Pereira-da-Conceicoa

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-1554
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-0388
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-5083
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8166-0021
                Article
                Publisher ID: 61081
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1023.61081
                PMC ID: 7969585
                PubMed ID: 33776512
                SO-VID: 8e830fbd-f82d-43a4-9d2b-7e0909e1fe35
                Copyright © Chanaporn Suttinun, Thomas Kaltenbach, Jean-Luc Gattolliat, Boonsatien Boonsoong
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 24 November 2020
                Date accepted : 09 February 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Animalia
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Baetidae
                Subject: Baetoidea
                Subject: Ephemeroptera
                Subject: Hexapoda
                Subject: Insecta
                Subject: Invertebrata
                Subject: Identification Key
                Subject: Molecular Systematics
                Subject: Systematics
                Subject: Taxonomy
                Subject: Asia
                Subject: Far East
                Subject: Thailand

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: mayfly,taxonomy,southeast asia
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: mayfly, taxonomy, southeast asia

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