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      Acceptability of early childhood obesity prediction models to New Zealand families

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          Abstract

          Objective

          While prediction models can estimate an infant’s risk of developing obesity at a later point in early childhood, caregiver receptiveness to such information is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the acceptability of these models to New Zealand caregivers.

          Methods

          An anonymous questionnaire was distributed online. The questionnaire consisted of multiple choice and Likert scale questions. Respondents were parents, caregivers, and grandparents of children aged ≤5 years.

          Results

          1,934 questionnaires were analysed. Responses were received from caregivers of various ethnicities and levels of education. Nearly two-thirds (62.1%) of respondents would “definitely” or “probably” want to hear if their infant was at risk of early childhood obesity, although “worried” (77.0%) and “upset” (53.0%) were the most frequently anticipated responses to such information. With lower mean scores reflecting higher levels of acceptance, grandparents (mean score = 1.67) were more receptive than parents (2.10; p = 0.0002) and other caregivers (2.13; p = 0.021); males (1.83) were more receptive than females (2.11; p = 0.005); and Asian respondents (1.68) were more receptive than those of European (2.05; p = 0.003), Māori (2.11; p = 0.002), or Pacific (2.03; p = 0.042) ethnicities. There were no differences in acceptance according to socioeconomic status, levels of education, or other ethnicities.

          Conclusions

          Almost two-thirds of respondents were receptive to communication regarding their infant’s risk of childhood obesity. While our results must be interpreted with some caution due to their hypothetical nature, findings suggest that if delivered in a sensitive manner to minimise caregiver distress, early childhood obesity risk prediction could be a useful tool to inform interventions to reduce childhood obesity in New Zealand.

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          Most cited references37

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          The theory of planned behavior

          Icek Ajzen (1991)
          Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211
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            Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

            OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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              Historical Origins of the Health Belief Model

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                2 December 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 12
                : e0225212
                Affiliations
                [1 ] A Better Start–National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
                [2 ] Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
                [3 ] Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
                [4 ] School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
                [5 ] Centre of Research Excellence Indigenous Sovereignty & Smoking, Auckland, New Zealand
                [6 ] Centre for Longitudinal Research–He Ara ki Mua, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
                [7 ] School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
                [8 ] Centre for Pacific Health & Development Research, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
                [9 ] Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
                McMaster University, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest to disclose that may be relevant to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5078-1851
                Article
                PONE-D-19-17554
                10.1371/journal.pone.0225212
                6886750
                31790443
                9382e3d9-ec14-477c-8453-290bec79ed9a
                © 2019 Butler et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 June 2019
                : 30 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Pages: 16
                Funding
                This work was conducted for A Better Start – National Science Challenge, which is funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The funders had no role in study design, data analysis or interpretation, decision to publish, or preparation of this manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Childhood Obesity
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Obesity
                Childhood Obesity
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Infants
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Ethnicities
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Research Design
                Survey Research
                Surveys
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Body Mass Index
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Body Weight
                Body Mass Index
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Health Care
                Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Socioeconomic Aspects of Health
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Children
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Families
                Children
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Custom metadata
                The University of Auckland Human Participant Ethics Committee approves the public sharing of the data supporting the findings of the study. They are openly available in Figshare ( https://doi.org/10.17608/k6.auckland.9961967.v1).

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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