32
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Methods for the measurement of cell and tissue compatibility including tissue regeneration processes Translated title: Methoden zur Ermittlung der Zell- und Gewebekompatibilität einschließlich der Geweberegeneration

      review-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Biocompatibility is one of the main requirements for the safe use of medical devices. Determination of cytotoxicity is part of the initial evaluation stipulated by ISO standards for the biological evaluation of medical devices. The use of cell cultures to test the biocompatibility of drugs, biomaterials or treatment techniques used in various disciplines is gaining in importance. A wide variety of self-initiated and commercially available cell lines has been evaluated and used: cultured fibroblasts from human skin, buccal mucosa, periodontal membrane, embryonic lung, epithelial and HeLa cells; cultures of human keratinocytes and HaCaT cells; different murine cell lines (C3H-L, Balb/c 3T3, L929 and others) as well as murine cells cultured from liver and spleen; T-lymphocytes from lymph nodes and macrophages obtained by lavage.

          All of the above cells are suitable for use in biocompatibility tests. Nevertheless, the general opinion is that toxicity tests in vitro will be more convincing when performed with cells that are homologous with the human tissue concerned. In accordance, appropriate cell lines for use in cytotoxicity and tolerance tests concerning the skin would be human dermal fibroblasts and human epidermal keratinocytes, as they take an active part in the immune response, inflammatory processes, and wound healing.

          The evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of a biomaterial is often a qualitative analysis based on the morphological examination of cell damage and growth after direct or indirect contact with the material. Different commercial assays based on the determination of nucleic acids, metabolic activity, protein content or membrane integrity are available to measure cell proliferation and cell viability. A small selection – Pico Green ® DNA Cell Proliferation Assay, ATPLite™ Luminescence ATP Detection Assay, BC Assay: protein quantitation kit, AlamarBlue™ Proliferation Assay and Live/Dead Staining with SYTO-13 and EthD-2 – are discussed concerning sensitivity, reliability and applicability.

          Translated abstract

          Biokompatibilität ist eine der Hauptforderungen für den sicheren Einsatz von Medizinprodukten. Die Bestimmung der Zytotoxizität gehört daher auch zu den Evaluierungsprozessen, die in den ISO Standards für die biologische Beurteilung von medizinischen Produkten festgelegt sind. Die Anwendung von Zellkulturen für die Testung auf Biokompatibilität von Pharmazeutika, Biomaterialien oder Behandlungsmethoden gewinnt dafür zunehmend an Bedeutung. Eine Vielzahl von selbst gewonnenen oder kommerziell erhältlichen Zelllinien kommen dabei zum Einsatz: Fibroblasten isoliert aus humaner Haut, der Mundschleimhaut, der Wurzelhaut oder aus embryonalen Lungengewebe; epitheliale Zellen und HeLA-Zellen; Kulturen von humanen Keratinozyten und HaCaT-Zellen; verschiedene murine Zelllinien (C3H-L, Balb/c 3T3, L929 u. a.) sowie Zellen isoliert aus der Milz oder der Leber der Maus und T-Lymphozyten aus Lymphknoten.

          Die genannten Zellen sind alle für Biokompatibilitätsuntersuchungen geeignet. Die generelle Meinung ist jedoch, dass in vitro durchgeführte Toxizitätstest überzeugender sind, wenn sie mit Zellen durchgeführt werden, die im Zusammenhang mit dem humanen Gewebe stehen an dem die Applikation des Medizinproduktes erfolgt. Dementsprechend eignen sich am besten humane dermale Fibroblasten und humane epidermale Keratinozyten für die Anwendung in Zytotoxizitäts- und Toleranztests die die Haut betreffen, da sie eine wichtige Rolle bei der Immunantwort, inflammatorischen Prozessen und der Wundheilung spielen.

          Die Evaluierung der in vitro-Zytotoxizität von Biomaterialien ist oft eine qualitative Analyse basierend auf der morphologischen Untersuchung von Zellschäden und Zellwachstum nach direktem oder indirektem Kontakt mit dem Material. Verschiedene kommerzielle Testsysteme sind erhältlich, um die Zellproliferation und Zellviabilität zu messen. Sie beruhen auf der Bestimmung von Nukleinsäure, der metabolischen Aktivität, dem Proteingehalt oder der Membranintegrität. Eine kleine Auswahl, wie Pico Green ® DNA Cell Proliferation Assay, ATPLite™ Luminescence ATP Detection Assay, BC Assay: protein quantitation kit, AlamarBlue™ Proliferation Assay und Lebend/Tot-Färbung mit SYTO-13 und EthD-2, soll hier bezüglich ihrer Sensitivität, Verlässlichkeit und Anwendbarkeit vorgestellt werden.

          Related collections

          Most cited references9

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The reconstitution of living skin.

          A living-skin equivalent useful as a skin replacement and as a model system for basic studies has been fabricated and tested extensively. It consists of two components: (1) a dermal equivalent made up of fibroblasts in a collagen matrix that is contracted and modified by the resident cells, and (2) an epidermis that develops from keratinocytes "plated" on the dermal equivalent. A multilayered keratinizing epidermis with desmosomes, tonofilaments, and hemidesmosomes forms. Basement lamella formation occurs within 2 weeks in vitro when rat cells are used. With human cells, crypt or pseudofollicular morphogenesis is observed in vitro within 3 weeks after plating cells on the dermal equivalent. Autografts and isografts of rat-skin equivalents made with cultured cells from biopsies are rapidly vascularized, block wound contraction, and persist essentially for the lifespan of the host. Seven to 9 days after grafting, donor cells become activated biosynthetically and mitotically. By 1 year, the dermal population decreases to a normal level and the matrix has been extensively remodeled. The grafts remain free of hair and sebaceous glands. Grafts to rats have been in place for over 2 years. Now, allografts of dermal equivalents have been made across a major histocompatibility barrier and are not rejected. The persistence of cellular elements of the grafts is monitored by use of a genetic marker. Challenge of the allograft with a second skin-equivalent graft after 1 month does not result in rejection of the original graft or of the second skin-equivalent graft. We propose that allografts of tissue equivalents are tolerated because cells with class II antigens are selected against during in vitro cultivation and are excluded from the graft. Thus the fabrication of skin-equivalent tissues or of other equivalent tissues with parenchymal cells that do not bear class II antigens may render transplants of such tissues immunologically acceptable despite the presence of allogeneic cells. The capacity to graft across major histocompatibility barriers using living tissue equivalents may have important clinical significance.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Antibacterial activity of positive and negative polarity low-voltage pulsed current (LVPC) on six typical Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of chronic wounds.

            The positive effect of electrical stimulation (ES) on wound healing has been shown in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of increased blood flow, protein denaturation, and stimulation of cellular defense, an antibacterial effect of ES is to be expected. Although the antibacterial effect of ES already has been demonstrated in vitro, little attention has been paid to the direct antibacterial effect of changing polarity of the applied current. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of positive and negative monophasic low-voltage pulsed current on typical Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens of chronic wounds. Using the Dermapulse-System, three Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and three Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia faecium) organisms were tested against positive and negative polarity low voltage pulsed current. All tested organisms were significantly reduced by ES. The reduction differed significantly between positive polarity and control and negative polarity and control, with the highest log10 reduction factor (RF) achieved with positive polarity. Using positive polarity, the maximum RF was measured for E. coli (median log10 RF 0.83; 25th percentile 0.59, 75th percentile 0.98) and the lowest for S. epidermidis (median log10 RF 0.20; 25th percentile 0.17, 75th percentile 0.24). Yet, there was no significant difference with positive ES against Gram-positive or Gram-negative organisms.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Cyclodextrin-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes is caspase-8 dependent and accompanied by mitochondrial cytochrome c release.

              Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that are able to form inclusion complexes with a variety of substances. For pharmaceutical applications, CD-based drug formulations offer important advantages compared with uncomplexed drugs. These include improved water solubility of lipophilic drug molecules, increased chemical stability, as well as enhanced bioavailability and absorption rate. Also, a number of topical formulations for dermal and transdermal drug delivery contain CDs. However, the most frequently used CDs - beta-CD and MbetaCD - are known to extract cholesterol from plasma membranes and thus to cause cellular damage and cell death. In the present study, the influence of various CDs and CD derivatives on the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT was assessed. We found that beta-CD and MbetaCD induce apoptosis via the activator caspase-8, which subsequently activates the effector caspases-3/-7. Furthermore, beta-CD-induced apoptosis is accompanied by mitochondrial cytochrome c release. A significant shift from mitochondria into the cytosol was found. These findings may provide further rationale to the use of CDs in topical formulations for dermal and transdermal drug delivery or as raw material in order to functionalize textiles for medical applications.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Krankenhhyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushyg Interdiszip
                GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1863-5245
                11 March 2008
                2008
                : 3
                : 1 , Plasma Medicine – its perspective for wound therapy
                : Doc12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Dermatology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Cornelia Wiegand, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Erfurter Straße 35, 07740 Jena, Germany, phone: +49 (0) 3641 937331, Fax: +49 (0) 3641 937437, E-mail: C.Wiegand@ 123456med.uni-jena.de
                Article
                dgkh000110
                2831518
                20204114
                949452f4-1a2b-4455-97a9-97be7ced76f3
                Copyright © 2008 Wiegand et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.en). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Categories
                Article

                Public health
                skin,cytotoxicity,keratinocytes,fibroblasts,biocompatibility,cell proliferation
                Public health
                skin, cytotoxicity, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, biocompatibility, cell proliferation

                Comments

                Comment on this article