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      Electrochemically synthesized polymers in molecular imprinting for chemical sensing

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          Abstract

          This critical review describes a class of polymers prepared by electrochemical polymerization that employs the concept of molecular imprinting for chemical sensing. The principal focus is on both conducting and nonconducting polymers prepared by electropolymerization of electroactive functional monomers, such as pristine and derivatized pyrrole, aminophenylboronic acid, thiophene, porphyrin, aniline, phenylenediamine, phenol, and thiophenol. A critical evaluation of the literature on electrosynthesized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) applied as recognition elements of chemical sensors is presented. The aim of this review is to highlight recent achievements in analytical applications of these MIPs, including present strategies of determination of different analytes as well as identification and solutions for problems encountered.

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          Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors.

          Jiri Janata, Mira Josowicz (2003)
          Conducting organic polymers have found two main kinds of application in electronics so far: as materials for construction of various devices and as selective layers in chemical sensors. In either case, interaction with ambient gases is critical. It may compromise the performance of a device based on conducting polymers, whereas it is beneficial in a sensor. Conductivity has been the primary property of interest. Work function--related to conductivity, but in principle a different property--has received only scant attention. Our aim here is to discuss the usability of conducting polymers in both types of electronic applications in light of these two parameters.
          Article 0 comments Cited 196 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays.

            U. Lange, Nataliya V Roznyatovskaya, V Mirsky (2008)
            The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described.
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              Polymerization of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) around living neural cells.

              Gilbert Hendricks, D. Foster, Kyung Hwan Kim … (2007)
              In this paper, we describe interactions between neural cells and the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) toward development of electrically conductive biomaterials intended for direct, functional contact with electrically active tissues such as the nervous system, heart, and skeletal muscle. We introduce a process for polymerizing PEDOT around living cells and describe a neural cell-templated conducting polymer coating for microelectrodes and a hybrid conducting polymer-live neural cell electrode. We found that neural cells could be exposed to working concentrations (0.01 m) of the EDOT monomer for as long as 72 h while maintaining 80% cell viability. PEDOT could be electrochemically deposited around neurons cultured on electrodes using 0.5-1 microA/mm(2) galvanostatic current. PEDOT polymerized on the electrode and surrounded the cells, covering cell processes. The polymerization was impeded in regions where cells were well adhered to the substrate. The cells could be removed from the PEDOT matrix to generate a neural cell-templated biomimetic conductive substrate with cell-shaped features that were cell attracting. Live cells embedded within the conductive polymer matrix remained viable for at least 120 h following polymerization. Dying cells primarily underwent apoptotic cell death. PEDOT, PEDOT+live neurons, and neuron-templated PEDOT coatings on electrodes significantly enhanced the electrical properties as compared to the bare electrode as indicated by decreased electrical impedance of 1-1.5 orders of magnitude at 0.01-1 kHz and significantly increased charge transfer capacity. PEDOT coatings showed a decrease of the phase angle of the impedance from roughly 80 degrees for the bare electrode to 5-35 degrees at frequencies >0.1 kHz. Equivalent circuit modeling indicated that PEDOT-coated electrodes were best described by R(C(RT)) circuit. We found that an RC parallel circuit must be added to the model for PEDOT+live neuron and neuron-templated PEDOT coatings.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : francis.dsouza@unt.edu
                : wkutner@ichf.edu.pl
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anal Bioanal Chem
                Title: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
                Publisher: Springer-Verlag (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                ISSN (Print): 1618-2642
                ISSN (Electronic): 1618-2650
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 February 2012
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 February 2012
                Publication date (Print): April 2012
                Volume: 402
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 3177-3204
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Physical Chemistry of Supramolecular Complexes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
                [2 ]Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Science, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
                [3 ]Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, # 305070, Denton, TX 76203-5017 USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5696
                DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5696-6
                PMC ID: 3303047
                PubMed ID: 22302165
                SO-VID: 98013f27-049e-48d5-bc99-b92917b3e65f
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2012
                History
                Date received : 15 June 2011
                Date revision received : 4 December 2011
                Date accepted : 29 December 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag 2012

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry
                Keywords: molecular imprinting,chemical sensor,molecular recognition,electronically conducting polymer,electrochemically synthesized polymer
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Analytical chemistry
                Keywords: molecular imprinting, chemical sensor, molecular recognition, electronically conducting polymer, electrochemically synthesized polymer

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