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      DOPS (Direct Observation of Procedural Skills) in undergraduate skills-lab: Does it work? Analysis of skills-performance and curricular side effects Translated title: DOPS (Direct Observation of Procedural Skills) im studentischen Skills-Lab: Funktioniert das? Eine Analyse der Performanz klinischer Fertigkeiten und der curricularen Nebeneffekte

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          Abstract

          Objective: Sufficient teaching and assessing clinical skills in the undergraduate setting becomes more and more important. In a surgical skills-lab course at the Medical University of Innsbruck fourth year students were teached with DOPS (direct observation of procedural skills). We analyzed whether DOPS worked or not in this setting, which performance levels could be reached compared to tutor teaching (one tutor, 5 students) and which curricular side effects could be observed.

          Methods: In a prospective randomized trial in summer 2013 (April – June) four competence-level-based skills were teached in small groups during one week: surgical abdominal examination, urethral catheterization (phantom), rectal-digital examination (phantom), handling of central venous catheters. Group A was teached with DOPS, group B with a classical tutor system. Both groups underwent an OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) for assessment.

          193 students were included in the study. Altogether 756 OSCE´s were carried out, 209 (27,6%) in the DOPS- and 547 (72,3%) in the tutor-group.

          Results: Both groups reached high performance levels. In the first month there was a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) in performance of 95% positive OSCE items in the DOPS-group versus 88% in the tutor group. In the following months the performance rates showed no difference anymore and came to 90% in both groups.

          In practical skills the analysis revealed a high correspondence between positive DOPS (92,4%) and OSCE (90,8%) results.

          Discussion: As shown by our data DOPS furnish high performance of clinical skills and work well in the undergraduate setting. Due to the high correspondence of DOPS and OSCE results DOPS should be considered as preferred assessment tool in a students skills-lab.

          The approximation of performance-rates within the months after initial superiority of DOPS could be explained by an interaction between DOPS and tutor system: DOPS elements seem to have improved tutoring and performance rates as well.

          DOPS in students ‘skills-lab afford structured feedback and assessment without increased personnel and financial resources compared to classic small group training.

          Conclusion: In summary, this study shows that DOPS represent an efficient method in teaching clinical skills. Their effects on didactic culture reach beyond the positive influence of performance rates.

          Zusammenfassung

          Zielsetzung: Die suffiziente Vermittlung und Prüfung klinisch-praktischer Fertigkeiten bereits während des Medizinstudiums gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Im Rahmen des chirurgischen Pflichtpraktikums an der Medizinischen Universität Innsbruck wurde untersucht, ob das Teaching mittels DOPS im Skills-Lab Setting überhaupt funktioniert, zu welcher Performanz von klinischen Fertigkeiten DOPS (direct observation of procedural skills) im Vergleich zu einem Tutor-System (1 ärztlicher Tutor à 5 Studierende) führen und welche curricularen Side-Effects zu beobachten sind.

          Methoden: Im Sommersemester 2013 (Monate April – Juni) wurden im Rahmen einer prospektiv randomisierten Studie 4 kompetenzlevelbasierte Skills mittels DOPS (Gruppe A) und einem klassischen Tutor System (Gruppe B) in einwöchigen Kleingruppen-Kursen gelehrt und mittels OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) geprüft:

          Chirurgische Abdominaluntersuchung, Harnkatheteranlage (Phantom), rektal-digitale Untersuchung (Phantom), Handhabung zentralvenöser Katheter.

          In die Studie wurden 193 Studierende inkludiert. Insgesamt wurden 756 Einzel-OSCE´s durchgeführt, davon entfielen auf die DOPS-Gruppe 209 (27,6%) und auf die Tutor-Gruppe 547 (72,3%).

          Ergebnisse: Die Beobachtung der Performanz zeigt sehr gute Resultate in beiden Gruppen. Im ersten Monat wies die DOPS Gruppe gegenüber der Tutorgruppe einen statistisch signifikanten (p<0,05) Performanzunterschied von rund 95% versus 88% an vollständig erfüllten OSCE-Items auf. In den Folgemonaten glichen sich die Performanzen beider Gruppen weitgehend an und betrugen in beiden Gruppen rund 90%.

          Bei den praktischen Fertigkeiten zeigte sich eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen DOPS- und OSCE-Resultaten (positive Ergebnisse: DOPS 92,4%, OSCE 90,8%).

          Diskussion: Die Studiendaten zeigen, dass DOPS eine hohe Performanz klinischer Fertigkeiten erbringen und im studentischen Skills-Lab Setting gut funktionieren. Durch die hohe Übereinstimmung von DOPS- und OSCE-Ergebnissen im Assessment praktischer Fertigkeiten könnte man überlegen, DOPS auch als alleiniges Assessment-Tool im studentischen Skills-Lab einzusetzen.

          Die zeitbedingte Annäherung der Performanzraten nach initialer Überlegenheit der DOPS-Gruppe könnte auf eine Wechselwirkung zwischen DOPS und klassischem Tutorsystem zurückzuführen sein: die DOPS-Elemente scheinen das Tutoring und die Performanz insgesamt verbessert zu haben.

          Verglichen mit einem Kleingruppenunterricht bieten DOPS im studentischen Skills-Lab bei gleichem Personal- und Zeitaufwand zusätzlich strukturiertes Feedback und Assessment.

          Schlussfolgerung: Zusammenfassend zeigt die vorliegende Studie, dass DOPS eine ressourcenschonende, effiziente Methode in der didaktischen Vermittlung klinisch-praktischer Fertigkeiten darstellt. Die Effekte der DOPS auf die universitären/klinischen Institutionen reichen weit über die unmittelbare positive Beeinflussung der Performanz hinaus.

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          Workplace-based assessment as an educational tool: AMEE Guide No. 31.

          There has been concern that trainees are seldom observed, assessed, and given feedback during their workplace-based education. This has led to an increasing interest in a variety of formative assessment methods that require observation and offer the opportunity for feedback. To review some of the literature on the efficacy and prevalence of formative feedback, describe the common formative assessment methods, characterize the nature of feedback, examine the effect of faculty development on its quality, and summarize the challenges still faced. The research literature on formative assessment and feedback suggests that it is a powerful means for changing the behaviour of trainees. Several methods for assessing it have been developed and there is preliminary evidence of their reliability and validity. A variety of factors enhance the efficacy of workplace-based assessment including the provision of feedback that is consistent with the needs of the learner and focused on important aspects of the performance. Faculty plays a critical role and successful implementation requires that they receive training. There is a need for formative assessment which offers trainees the opportunity for feedback. Several good methods exist and feedback has been shown to have a major influence on learning. The critical role of faculty is highlighted, as is the need for strategies to enhance their participation and training.
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            The mini-CEX: a method for assessing clinical skills.

            To evaluate the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX), which assesses the clinical skills of residents. Observational study and psychometric assessment of the mini-CEX. 21 internal medicine training programs. Data from 1228 mini-CEX encounters involving 421 residents and 316 evaluators. The encounters were assessed for the type of visit, sex and complexity of the patient, when the encounter occurred, length of the encounter, ratings provided, and the satisfaction of the examiners. Using this information, we determined the overall average ratings for residents in all categories, the reliability of the mini-CEX scores, and the effects of the characteristics of the patients and encounters. Interviewing skills, physical examination, professionalism, clinical judgment, counseling, organization and efficiency, and overall competence were evaluated. Residents were assessed in various clinical settings with a diverse set of patient problems. Residents received the lowest ratings in the physical examination and the highest ratings in professionalism. Comparisons over the first year of training showed statistically significant improvement in all aspects of competence, and the method generated reliable ratings. The measurement characteristics of the mini-CEX are similar to those of other performance assessments, such as standardized patients. Unlike these assessments, the difficulty of the examination will vary with the patients that a resident encounters. This effect is mitigated to a degree by the examiners, who slightly overcompensate for patient difficulty, and by the fact that each resident interacts with several patients. Furthermore, the mini-CEX has higher fidelity than these formats, permits evaluation based on a much broader set of clinical settings and patient problems, and is administered on site.
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              Theoretical perspectives in medical education: past experience and future possibilities.

              V Mann (2010)
              Pedagogical practices reflect theoretical perspectives and beliefs that people hold about learning. Perspectives on learning are important because they influence almost all decisions about curriculum, teaching and assessment. Since Flexner's 1910 report on medical education, significant changes in perspective have been evident. Yet calls for major reform of medical education may require a broader conceptualisation of the educational process. Medical education has emerged as a complex transformative process of socialisation into the culture and profession of medicine. Theory and research, in medical education and other fields, have contributed important understanding. Learning theories arising from behaviourist, cognitivist, humanist and social learning traditions have guided improvements in curriculum design and instruction, understanding of memory, expertise and clinical decision making, and self-directed learning approaches. Although these remain useful, additional perspectives which recognise the complexity of education that effectively fosters the development of knowledge, skills and professional identity are needed. Socio-cultural learning theories, particularly situated learning, and communities of practice offer a useful theoretical perspective. They view learning as intimately tied to context and occurring through participation and active engagement in the activities of the community. Legitimate peripheral participation describes learners' entry into the community. As learners gain skill, they assume more responsibility and move more centrally. The community, and the people and artefacts within it, are all resources for learning. Learning is both collective and individual. Social cognitive theory offers a complementary perspective on individual learning. Situated learning allows the incorporation of other learning perspectives and includes workplace learning and experiential learning. Viewing medical education through the lens of situated learning suggests teaching and learning approaches that maximise participation and build on community processes to enhance both collective and individual learning. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2010.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Z Med Ausbild
                GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                1860-7446
                1860-3572
                15 October 2015
                2015
                : 32
                : 4 , Prüfungen
                : Doc45
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck, Austria
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christoph Profanter, Medical University Innsbruck, Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Anichstraße 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, E-mail: christoph.profanter@ 123456i-med.ac.at
                Article
                zma000987 Doc45 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0009879
                10.3205/zma000987
                4606486
                98291ab9-fae1-4d83-9cf3-8e906ffd6320
                Copyright © 2015 Profanter et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

                History
                : 14 January 2014
                : 19 December 2014
                Categories
                Article

                Medicine
                dops,skills lab,wba (workplace based assessment),curricular side effects
                Medicine
                dops, skills lab, wba (workplace based assessment), curricular side effects

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