Nanozymes: Versatile Platforms for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

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Highlights

This review introduces nanozymes that exhibit different enzymatic activities and emphasizes the advantages of nanozymes over natural enzymes.
The roles of nanozymes in different cancer diagnostic and therapeutic technologies are summarized, explained by representative examples.
The potential challenges of nanozyme-based cancer theranostics are outlined, and future research directions are outlooked.

Abstract

Natural enzymes usually suffer from high production cost, ease of denaturation and inactivation, and low yield, making them difficult to be broadly applicable. As an emerging type of artificial enzyme, nanozymes that combine the characteristics of nanomaterials and enzymes are promising alternatives. On the one hand, nanozymes have high enzyme-like catalytic activities to regulate biochemical reactions. On the other hand, nanozymes also inherit the properties of nanomaterials, which can ameliorate the shortcomings of natural enzymes and serve as versatile platforms for diverse applications. In this review, various nanozymes that mimic the catalytic activity of different enzymes are introduced. The achievements of nanozymes in different cancer diagnosis and treatment technologies are summarized by highlighting the advantages of nanozymes in these applications. Finally, future research directions in this rapidly developing field are outlooked.

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Most cited references 153

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Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)

This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.

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Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

Lizeng Gao, Jie Zhuang, Leng Nie … (2007)

Nanoparticles containing magnetic materials, such as magnetite (Fe3O4), are particularly useful for imaging and separation techniques. As these nanoparticles are generally considered to be biologically and chemically inert, they are typically coated with metal catalysts, antibodies or enzymes to increase their functionality as separation agents. Here, we report that magnetite nanoparticles in fact possess an intrinsic enzyme mimetic activity similar to that found in natural peroxidases, which are widely used to oxidize organic substrates in the treatment of wastewater or as detection tools. Based on this finding, we have developed a novel immunoassay in which antibody-modified magnetite nanoparticles provide three functions: capture, separation and detection. The stability, ease of production and versatility of these nanoparticles makes them a powerful tool for a wide range of potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and environmental chemistry.

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Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes (II)

Jiangjiexing Wu, Xiaoyu Wang, Quan Wang … (2019)

An updated comprehensive review to help researchers understand nanozymes better and in turn to advance the field. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics ( Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2013, 42 , 6060–6093). They have been developed to address the limitations of natural enzymes and conventional artificial enzymes. Along with the significant advances in nanotechnology, biotechnology, catalysis science, and computational design, great progress has been achieved in the field of nanozymes since the publication of the above-mentioned comprehensive review in 2013. To highlight these achievements, this review first discusses the types of nanozymes and their representative nanomaterials, together with the corresponding catalytic mechanisms whenever available. Then, it summarizes various strategies for modulating the activity and selectivity of nanozymes. After that, the broad applications from biomedical analysis and imaging to theranostics and environmental protection are covered. Finally, the current challenges faced by nanozymes are outlined and the future directions for advancing nanozyme research are suggested. The current review can help researchers know well the current status of nanozymes and may catalyze breakthroughs in this field.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Yanli Zhao: zhaoyanli@ntu.edu.sg

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nanomicro Lett

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nanomicro Lett

Title: Nano-Micro Letters

Publisher: Springer Singapore (Singapore )

ISSN (Print): 2311-6706

ISSN (Electronic): 2150-5551

Publication date (Electronic): 6 April 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 6 April 2022

Publication date Collection: December 2022

Volume: 14

Electronic Location Identifier: 95

Affiliations

GRID grid.59025.3b, ISNI 0000 0001 2224 0361, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, , Nanyang Technological University, ; 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371 Singapore

Article

Publisher ID: 828

DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00828-2

PMC ID: 8986955

PubMed ID: 35384520

SO-VID: 9892061c-7ff5-4d1e-8344-dd8e502afe5f

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 30 December 2021

Date accepted : 17 February 2022

Funding

Funded by: Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Open Access :

Open access funding provided by Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

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Keywords: cancer theranostics,catalytic therapy,enzyme mimics,nanozymes,smart nanomedicine

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Keywords: cancer theranostics, catalytic therapy, enzyme mimics, nanozymes, smart nanomedicine

Nanozymes: Versatile Platforms for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

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Neuropharmacology and Therapy

Most cited references 153

Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

Intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of ferromagnetic nanoparticles.

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes (II)

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