The green reduction of graphene oxide

Author(s): M. T. H. Aunkor ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , I. M. Mahbubul ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁹ ^, ¹⁰ , R. Saidur ⁶ ^, ⁷ ^, ⁸ ^, ⁹ ^, ¹⁰ , H. S. C. Metselaar ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2016

Journal: RSC Advances

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

Graphene is an ultra-thin material, which has received broad interest in many areas of science and technology because of its unique physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties.

Abstract

Graphene is an ultra-thin material, which has received broad interest in many areas of science and technology because of its unique physical, chemical, mechanical and thermal properties. Synthesis of high quality graphene in an inexpensive and eco-friendly manner is a big challenge. Among various methods, chemical synthesis is considered the best because it is easy, scalable, facile, and inexpensive. Different kinds of chemical reducers have been used to produce graphene sheets. However, some chemicals are toxic, corrosive, and hazardous. For this reason, researchers have been using different environmentally friendly substances (termed green reducers) to produce functional graphene sheets. This paper presents an overview and discussion of the green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to graphene. It also reviews the characterization of GO and its oxide reduction through the analysis of different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy.

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Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. Morozov … (2004)

We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.

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The rise of graphene.

A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov (2007)

Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.