Positioning psychiatric pharmacists to improve mental health care

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Psychiatric pharmacy continues to grow and look to the future with a focus on helping individuals recover from mental health and substance use disorders. The American Association of Psychiatric Pharmacists (AAPP) considers Board Certified Psychiatric Pharmacist (BCPP) the gold standard credential that all psychiatric pharmacists should attain to demonstrate specialized knowledge and expertise in psychiatry. BCPPs are part of collaborative interprofessional teams and practice in hospitals, clinics, and diverse health systems. Two out of 3 BCPPs practicing in clinics have prescriptive authority. BCPPs improve access, safety, medication adherence, and therapeutic outcomes. Every person with a mental health and substance use disorder should have access to a BCPP providing comprehensive medication management (CMM) and psychotropic stewardship aimed at improving population health. BCPPs are in demand owing to their expertise. AAPP envisions growth and expansion of the BCPP role in many areas including coordinating psychiatric transitions of care and telehealth services, managing long-acting injectable medication clinics, providing pharmacogenomic consultation, conducting clozapine and lithium monitoring, managing medications for substance use disorders, leading medication groups, CNS drug development, research, and provider education. To prepare the workforce, colleges and schools of pharmacy should hire BCPPs for optimal curriculum development, and each student pharmacist should have an opportunity to develop a therapeutic alliance with a person recovering from psychiatric illness. Postgraduate year (PGY) 1 residencies should offer learning experiences in psychiatric pharmacy to prepare residents to enter an expanded number of PGY2 psychiatric pharmacy residencies, ultimately earning their BCPP and being well positioned to improve mental health care.

Related collections

Most cited references 32

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review

Thor Mertz Schou, Samia Joca, Gregers Wegener … (2021)

It has become evident that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a multi-organ pathology that includes the brain and nervous system. Several studies have also reported acute psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients. An increasing number of studies are suggesting that psychiatric deficits may persist after recovery from the primary infection. In the current systematic review, we provide an overview of the available evidence and supply information on potential risk factors and underlying biological mechanisms behind such psychiatric sequelae. We performed a systematic search for psychiatric sequelae in COVID-19 patients using the databases PubMed and Embase. Included primary studies all contained information on the follow-up period and provided quantitative measures of mental health. The search was performed on June 4th 2021. 1725 unique studies were identified. Of these, 66 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Time to follow-up ranged from immediately after hospital discharge up to 7 months after discharge, and the number of participants spanned 3 to 266,586 participants. Forty studies reported anxiety and/or depression, 20 studies reported symptoms- or diagnoses of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 27 studies reported cognitive deficits, 32 articles found fatigue at follow-up, and sleep disturbances were found in 23 studies. Highlighted risk factors were disease severity, duration of symptoms, and female sex. One study showed brain abnormalities correlating with cognitive deficits, and several studies reported inflammatory markers to correlate with symptoms. Overall, the results from this review suggest that survivors of COVID-19 are at risk of psychiatric sequelae but that symptoms generally improve over time.

0 comments Cited 158 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study

Charles Morin, Bjørn Bjorvatn, Frances Chung … (2021)

Importance and study objective The COVID-19 pandemic has produced unprecedented changes in social, work, and leisure activities, which all have had major impact on sleep and psychological well-being. This study documented the prevalence of clinical cases of insomnia, anxiety, and depression and selected risk factors (COVID-19, confinement, financial burden, social isolation) during the first wave of the pandemic in 13 countries throughout the world. Design and participants International, multi-center, harmonized survey of 22 330 adults (mean age = 41.9 years old, range 18–95; 65.6% women) from the general population in 13 countries and four continents. Participants were invited to complete a standardized web-based survey about sleep and psychological symptoms during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic from May to August 2020. Results Clinical insomnia symptoms were reported by 36.7% (95% CI, 36.0–37.4) of respondents and 17.4% (95% CI, 16.9–17.9) met criteria for a probable insomnia disorder. There were 25.6% (95% CI, 25.0–26.2) with probable anxiety and 23.1% (95% CI, 22.5–23.6) with probable depression. Rates of insomnia symptoms (>40%) and insomnia disorder (>25%) were significantly higher in women, younger age groups, and in residents of Brazil, Canada, Norway, Poland, USA, and United Kingdom compared to residents from Asian countries (China and Japan, 8% for disorder and 22%–25% for symptoms) (all Ps < 0.01). Proportions of insomnia cases were significantly higher among participants who completed the survey earlier in the first wave of the pandemic relative to those who completed it later. Risks of insomnia were higher among participants who reported having had COVID-19, who reported greater financial burden, were in confinement for a period of four to five weeks, and living alone or with more than five people in same household. These associations remained significant after controlling for age, sex, and psychological symptoms. Conclusion and relevance Insomnia, anxiety, and depression were very prevalent during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health prevention programs are needed to prevent chronicity and reduce long-term adverse outcomes associated with chronic insomnia and mental health problems.

0 comments Cited 109 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Impact of pharmacists on outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders

Amy Werremeyer, Jolene Bostwick, Carla Cobb … (2020)

Introduction Psychiatric and neurologic illnesses are highly prevalent and are often suboptimally treated. A 2015 review highlighted the value of psychiatric pharmacists in improving medication-related outcomes. There is a need to describe areas of expansion and strengthened evidence regarding pharmacist practice and patient care impact in psychiatric and neurologic settings since 2015. Methods A systematic search of literature published from January 2014 to June 2019 was conducted. Publications describing patient-level outcome results associated with pharmacist provision of care in a psychiatric/neurologic setting and/or in relation to central nervous system (CNS) medications were included. Results A total of 64 publications were included. There was significant heterogeneity of published study methods and data, prohibiting meta-analysis. Pharmacists practicing across a wide variety of health care settings with focus on CNS medication management significantly improved patient-level outcomes, such as medication adherence, disease control, and avoidance of hospitalization. The most common practice approach associated with significant improvement in patient-level outcomes was incorporation of psychiatric pharmacist input into the interprofessional health care team. Discussion Pharmacists who focus on psychiatric and neurologic disease improve outcomes for patients with these conditions. This is important in the current health care environment as most patients with psychiatric or neurologic conditions continue to have unmet needs. Additional studies designed to measure pharmacists' impact on patient-level outcomes are encouraged to strengthen these findings.

0 comments Cited 14 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ment Health Clin

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ment Health Clin

Journal ID (publisher-id): mhcl

Title: The Mental Health Clinician

Publisher: College of Psychiatric & Neurologic Pharmacists

ISSN (Electronic): 2168-9709

Publication date (Electronic): 14 April 2022

Publication date Collection: April 2022

Volume: 12

Issue: 2

Pages: 77-85

Affiliations

[2 ]Professor and Chair, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota

[3 ]Clinicial Pharmacist, Saint Peter Regional Treatment Center and Southern Cities Clinic, Minnesota Department of Human Services, Saint Peter, Minnesota

[4 ]Associate Chief, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas

[5 ]Supervising Clinical Pharmacist, Riverside University Health System, Riverside, California

Author notes

[1 ]Professor, University of Southern California School of Pharmacy and Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, dopheide@ 123456usc.edu

Author information

Julie A. Dopheide https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7054-0588

Amy Werremeyer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7933-4980

Robert J. Haight https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-3159

Cynthia A. Gutierrez https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8528-8554

Andrew M. Williams https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3140-414X

Article

Publisher ID: MHC-D-22-00012

DOI: 10.9740/mhc.2022.04.077

PMC ID: 9009818

PubMed ID: 35582321

SO-VID: 99b86d4d-c8e6-4b28-b72c-dab4b533aaf2

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 26 February 2022

Date accepted : 25 March 2022

Comments

Comment on this article

scite_

Cited by 5

See all cited by

Most referenced authors 174

See all reference authors

- Version 1

Positioning psychiatric pharmacists to improve mental health care

Read this article at

Abstract

Related collections

Stigmatisation of mental illnesses

Most cited references 32

Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review

Insomnia, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international collaborative study

Impact of pharmacists on outcomes for patients with psychiatric or neurologic disorders

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Author information

Article

History

Categories

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 597

Cited by 5

Most referenced authors 174