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      B Regulatory Cells: Players in Pregnancy and Early Life

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          Abstract

          Pregnancy and early infancy represent two very particular immunological states. During pregnancy, the haploidentical fetus and the pregnant women develop tolerance mechanisms to avoid rejection; then, just after birth, the neonatal immune system must modulate the transition from the virtually sterile but haploidentical uterus to a world full of antigens and the rapid microbial colonization of the mucosa. B regulatory (Breg) cells are a recently discovered B cell subset thought to play a pivotal role in different conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation among others in addition to pregnancy. This review focuses on the role of Breg cells in pregnancy and early infancy, two special stages of life in which recent studies have positioned Breg cells as important players.

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          Innate immunity of the newborn: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates.

          Ofer Levy (2007)
          The fetus and newborn face a complex set of immunological demands, including protection against infection, avoidance of harmful inflammatory immune responses that can lead to pre-term delivery, and balancing the transition from a sterile intra-uterine environment to a world that is rich in foreign antigens. These demands shape a distinct neonatal innate immune system that is biased against the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This bias renders newborns at risk of infection and impairs responses to many vaccines. This Review describes innate immunity in newborns and discusses how this knowledge might be used to prevent and treat infection in this vulnerable population.
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            Human blood IgM "memory" B cells are circulating splenic marginal zone B cells harboring a prediversified immunoglobulin repertoire.

            Sandra Weller, Moritz C. Braun, Bruce K Tan … (2004)
            The human peripheral B-cell compartment displays a large population of immunoglobulin M-positive, immunoglobulin D-positive CD27(+) (IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+)) "memory" B cells carrying a mutated immunoglobulin receptor. By means of phenotypic analysis, complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) spectratyping during a T-independent response, and gene-expression profiling of the different blood and splenic B-cell subsets, we show here that blood IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) cells correspond to circulating splenic marginal zone B cells. Furthermore, analysis of this peripheral subset in healthy children younger than 2 years shows that these B cells develop and mutate their immunoglobulin receptor during ontogeny, prior to their differentiation into T-independent antigen-responsive cells. It is therefore proposed that these IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells provide the splenic marginal zone with a diversified and protective preimmune repertoire in charge of the responses against encapsulated bacteria.
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              Human regulatory B cells in health and disease: therapeutic potential

              Claudia Mauri, Madhvi Menon (2017)
              Regulatory B cells (Bregs) modulate immune responses predominantly, although not exclusively, via the release of IL-10. The importance of human Bregs in the maintenance of immune homeostasis comes from a variety of immune-related pathologies, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and chronic infections that are often associated with abnormalities in Breg numbers or function. A continuous effort toward understanding Breg biology in healthy individuals will provide new opportunities to develop Breg immunotherapy that could prove beneficial in treating various immune-mediated pathologies. In this Review, we discuss findings regarding human Bregs, including their mechanisms of suppression and role in different disease settings. We also propose several therapeutic strategies targeting Bregs for better management of immune disorders.
              Article 0 comments Cited 183 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 July 2018
                Publication date Collection: July 2018
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2099
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain; a.estevesole@ 123456gmail.com (A.E.-S.); yiyibiomedicina@ 123456gmail.com (Y.L.); adeya@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (Á.D.-M.)
                [2 ]Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; vlagea@ 123456clinic.cat (A.V.); jyague@ 123456clinic.cat (J.Y.); aplaza@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (A.M.P.-M.)
                [3 ]Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
                [4 ]Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: mjuan@ 123456clinic.cat (M.J.); lalsina@ 123456sjdhospitalbarcelona.org (L.A.); Tel.: +34-93-227-54-63 (M.J.); +34-93-280-40-00 (ext. 80242) (L.A.)
                [†]

                Both authors share co-senior author status.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0542-0587
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3064-1648
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-0018
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-19-02099
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072099
                PMC ID: 6073150
                PubMed ID: 30029515
                SO-VID: 99e15332-f364-4da1-bb69-ee2b0bfa682d
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 June 2018
                Date accepted : 16 July 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: breg cells,neonate,pregnancy,cord blood,tolerance
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: breg cells, neonate, pregnancy, cord blood, tolerance

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