The IceCube neutrino telescope at the South Pole has measured the atmospheric muon neutrino spectrum as a function of zenith angle and energy in the approximate 320 GeV to 20 TeV range, to search for the oscillation signatures of light sterile neutrinos. No evidence for anomalous \(\nu_\mu\) or \(\bar{\nu}_\mu\) disappearance is observed in either of two independently developed analyses, each using one year of atmospheric neutrino data. New exclusion limits are placed on the parameter space of the 3+1 model, in which muon antineutrinos would experience a strong MSW-resonant oscillation. The exclusion limits extend to \(\mathrm{sin}^2 2\theta_{24} \leq\) 0.02 at \(\Delta m^2 \sim\) 0.3 \(\mathrm{eV}^2\) at the 90\% confidence level. The allowed region from global analysis of appearance experiments, including LSND and MiniBooNE, is excluded at approximately the 99\% confidence level for the global best fit value of \(|\)U\(_{e4}|^2\).