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      Recent Advances in Paper-Based Sensors

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          Abstract

          Paper-based sensors are a new alternative technology for fabricating simple, low-cost, portable and disposable analytical devices for many application areas including clinical diagnosis, food quality control and environmental monitoring. The unique properties of paper which allow passive liquid transport and compatibility with chemicals/biochemicals are the main advantages of using paper as a sensing platform. Depending on the main goal to be achieved in paper-based sensors, the fabrication methods and the analysis techniques can be tuned to fulfill the needs of the end-user. Current paper-based sensors are focused on microfluidic delivery of solution to the detection site whereas more advanced designs involve complex 3-D geometries based on the same microfluidic principles. Although paper-based sensors are very promising, they still suffer from certain limitations such as accuracy and sensitivity. However, it is anticipated that in the future, with advances in fabrication and analytical techniques, that there will be more new and innovative developments in paper-based sensors. These sensors could better meet the current objectives of a viable low-cost and portable device in addition to offering high sensitivity and selectivity, and multiple analyte discrimination. This paper is a review of recent advances in paper-based sensors and covers the following topics: existing fabrication techniques, analytical methods and application areas. Finally, the present challenges and future outlooks are discussed.

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          Most cited references83

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          Diagnostics for the developing world: microfluidic paper-based analytical devices.

          Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs) are a new class of point-of-care diagnostic devices that are inexpensive, easy to use, and designed specifically for use in developing countries. (To listen to a podcast about this feature, please go to the Analytical Chemistry multimedia page at pubs.acs.org/page/ancham/audio/index.html.).
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            Simple telemedicine for developing regions: camera phones and paper-based microfluidic devices for real-time, off-site diagnosis.

            This article describes a prototype system for quantifying bioassays and for exchanging the results of the assays digitally with physicians located off-site. The system uses paper-based microfluidic devices for running multiple assays simultaneously, camera phones or portable scanners for digitizing the intensity of color associated with each colorimetric assay, and established communications infrastructure for transferring the digital information from the assay site to an off-site laboratory for analysis by a trained medical professional; the diagnosis then can be returned directly to the healthcare provider in the field. The microfluidic devices were fabricated in paper using photolithography and were functionalized with reagents for colorimetric assays. The results of the assays were quantified by comparing the intensities of the color developed in each assay with those of calibration curves. An example of this system quantified clinically relevant concentrations of glucose and protein in artificial urine. The combination of patterned paper, a portable method for obtaining digital images, and a method for exchanging results of the assays with off-site diagnosticians offers new opportunities for inexpensive monitoring of health, especially in situations that require physicians to travel to patients (e.g., in the developing world, in emergency management, and during field operations by the military) to obtain diagnostic information that might be obtained more effectively by less valuable personnel.
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              Three-dimensional microfluidic devices fabricated in layered paper and tape.

              This article describes a method for fabricating 3D microfluidic devices by stacking layers of patterned paper and double-sided adhesive tape. Paper-based 3D microfluidic devices have capabilities in microfluidics that are difficult to achieve using conventional open-channel microsystems made from glass or polymers. In particular, 3D paper-based devices wick fluids and distribute microliter volumes of samples from single inlet points into arrays of detection zones (with numbers up to thousands). This capability makes it possible to carry out a range of new analytical protocols simply and inexpensively (all on a piece of paper) without external pumps. We demonstrate a prototype 3D device that tests 4 different samples for up to 4 different analytes and displays the results of the assays in a side-by-side configuration for easy comparison. Three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices are especially appropriate for use in distributed healthcare in the developing world and in environmental monitoring and water analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
                1424-8220
                2012
                24 August 2012
                : 12
                : 9
                : 11505-11526
                Affiliations
                [1 ] CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia; E-Mails: d.liana@ 123456student.unsw.edu.au (D.L.); burkhard.raguse@ 123456csiro.au (B.R.)
                [2 ] School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; E-Mail: justin.gooding@ 123456unsw.edu.au
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: edith.chow@ 123456csiro.au ; Tel.: +61-2-9413-7062.
                Article
                sensors-12-11505
                10.3390/s120911505
                3478794
                23112667
                a1454763-8e96-40a2-a0f1-12d499cf2393
                © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                : 16 July 2012
                : 13 August 2012
                : 14 August 2012
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                device,sensor,paper,diagnostics,lab-on-a-chip,analytical,microfluidics
                Biomedical engineering
                device, sensor, paper, diagnostics, lab-on-a-chip, analytical, microfluidics

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