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      Genomic insights into ruminant evolution: from past to future prospects

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , * , 1 , 3 , 4 , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Zoological Research
      Publisher: Science Press
      Keywords: Ruminantia, Genome evolution, Phylogenomics, Traits, Adaptive evolution

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          Abstract

          Ruminants (Ruminantia) are among the most successful herbivorous mammals, exhibiting wide-ranging morphological and ecological characteristics (such as headgear and multichambered stomach) and including various key livestock species (e.g., cattle, buffalo, yak, sheep, and goat). Understanding their evolution is of great significance not only in scientific research but also in applications potential for human society. The rapid growth of genomic resources provides unprecedented opportunities to dissect the evolutionary histories and molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct characteristics of ruminants. Here we summarize our current understanding of the genetic, morphological, and ecological diversity of ruminants and provide prospects for future studies.

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          The genome sequence of taurine cattle: a window to ruminant biology and evolution.

          Christine G Elsik, Ross L Tellam, Kim C. Worley … (2009)
          To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
          Article 0 comments Cited 467 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled phenotype in cattle.

            L. Grobet, L Martin, D. Poncelet … (1997)
            An exceptional muscle development commonly referred to as 'double-muscled' (Fig. 1) has been seen in several cattle breeds and has attracted considerable attention from beef producers. Double-muscled animals are characterized by an increase in muscle mass of about 20%, due to general skeletal-muscle hyperplasia-that is, an increase in the number of muscle fibers rather than in their individual diameter. Although the hereditary nature of the double-muscled condition was recognized early on, the precise mode of inheritance has remained controversial; monogenic (domainant and recessive), oligogenic and polygenic models have been proposed. In the Belgian Blue cattle breed (BBCB), segregation analysis performed both in experimental crosses and in the outbred population suggested an autosomal recessive inheritance. This was confirmed when the muscular hypertrophy (mh) locus was mapped 3.1 cM from microsatellite TGLA44 on the centromeric end of bovine chromosome 2 (ref. 5). We used a positional candidate approach to demonstrate that a mutation in bovine MSTN, which encodes myostatin, a member of the TGF beta superfamily, is responsible for the double-muscled phenotype. We report an 11-bp deletion in the coding sequence for the bioactive carboxy-terminal domain of the protein causing the muscular hypertrophy observed in Belgian Blue cattle.
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              The “Domestication Syndrome” in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics

              Adam S. Wilkins, Richard Wrangham, W. Tecumseh Fitch (2014)
              Charles Darwin, while trying to devise a general theory of heredity from the observations of animal and plant breeders, discovered that domesticated mammals possess a distinctive and unusual suite of heritable traits not seen in their wild progenitors. Some of these traits also appear in domesticated birds and fish. The origin of Darwin’s “domestication syndrome” has remained a conundrum for more than 140 years. Most explanations focus on particular traits, while neglecting others, or on the possible selective factors involved in domestication rather than the underlying developmental and genetic causes of these traits. Here, we propose that the domestication syndrome results predominantly from mild neural crest cell deficits during embryonic development. Most of the modified traits, both morphological and physiological, can be readily explained as direct consequences of such deficiencies, while other traits are explicable as indirect consequences. We first show how the hypothesis can account for the multiple, apparently unrelated traits of the syndrome and then explore its genetic dimensions and predictions, reviewing the available genetic evidence. The article concludes with a brief discussion of some genetic and developmental questions raised by the idea, along with specific predictions and experimental tests.
              Article 0 comments Cited 267 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zool Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zool Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DWXY
                Journal ID (pmc): zoological research
                Title: Zoological Research
                Publisher: Science Press (16 Donghuangchenggen Beijie, Beijing 100717, China )
                ISSN (Print): 2095-8137
                Publication date (Electronic): 25 September 2019
                Publication date (Print): 18 November 2019
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 476-487
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
                [2 ]Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650204, China
                [3 ]Center for Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an Shaanxi 710072, China
                [4 ]Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 2095-8137（2019）06-0476-12
                DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.061
                PMC ID: 6822923
                PubMed ID: 31592581
                SO-VID: a54265ac-1185-41b5-a64f-53ec8a515441
                Copyright © Editorial Office of Zoological Research, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 August 2019
                Date accepted : 18 September 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: the Talents Team Construction Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University
                Award ID: NWPU
                Funded by: Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS
                Award ID: XDB13000000
                Funded by: Chinese Academy of Sciences
                Award ID: GREKF19-11 to L.C.
                This work was supported by the Talents Team Construction Fund of Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU); Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (XDB13000000) to W.W.; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (GREKF19-11 to L.C.)
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: ruminantia,genome evolution,phylogenomics,traits,adaptive evolution
                Data availability:
                Keywords: ruminantia, genome evolution, phylogenomics, traits, adaptive evolution

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