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      Estudo experimental anatômico-funcional da cocleotoxicidade da gentamicina com doses habituais para recém-nascidos Translated title: Experimental morphological and functional study of gentamicin cochleotoxicity using the regular dose given to neonates

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          Abstract

          TEMA: a gentamicina é um antibiótico que atua nas infecções causadas por bacilos Gram-negativos. Seu efeito colateral mais importante é a ototoxicidade. As ototoxicoses são afecções iatrogênicas provocadas por fármacos que alteram a orelha interna, podendo afetar o sistema coclear e/ou vestibular, alterando duas funções importantes: a audição e o equilíbrio. Os principais grupos pediátricos que recebem antibióticos aminoglicosídeos são recém-nascidos com infecções graves na UTI neonatal. OBJETIVOS: verificar a ocorrência de lesão às células ciliadas externas (CCE) pela gentamicina com os esquemas de dose única de 4mg/Kg/dia e de 2,5mg/Kg/dia a cada 12 horas, por meio de um estudo anatômico por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e estudo funcional através das emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção (OEAPD). Forma de estudo experimental. MÉTODO: foram avaliadas 26 cobaias albinas através das EOAPD pré e pós-tratamento com gentamicina. Para a avaliação anatômica por MEV, as cobaias foram sacrificadas em tempo programado após a administração das drogas via intramuscular. RESULTADOS: a avaliação do estado funcional das CCE mostrou preservação das OEAPD em todas as cobaias. Os resultados da MEV, depois de fotografados foram analisados através da contagem do número de CCE da espira basal da cóclea em determinado campo fotográfico. CONCLUSÃO: não foram observadas lesões ou alterações no funcionamento das células ciliadas externas mediante a dosagem aplicada em cobaias albinas, de 4mg/Kg/dia (dose única) e 2,5mg/Kg/dia a cada 12 horas, utilizadas por 10 e 14 dias.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND: gentamicin is an antibiotic that acts in Gram-negative bacilli infections, having as a side effect ototoxicity. Ototoxicity is an iatrogenic disturb provoked by drugs that modify the internal ear, affecting the cochlear and/or vestibular system and causing alterations in two important functions: equilibrium and audition. The main pediatric groups that receive aminoglicosides antibiotics are newborns who present serious infections in Neonate intensive care units. AIM: to verify the occurrence of external cilliary cells (ECC) caused by gentamicin with single dose schemas of 4mg/kg/day and 2,5mg/kg/day every 12 hours, through a morphological - scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and functional - distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) experimental study. METHOD: 26 albino guinea pigs were evaluated through DPOAE pre and post gentamicin treatment. The guinea pigs were sacrificed in the programmed time after the intramuscular administration of the drugs for anatomic analysis using MEV. RESULTS: the evaluation of the functional state of the ECC indicated preservation of the DPOAE in all of the guinea pigs. The SEM results, after being photographed were analyzed in terms of the number of the ECC in the cochlear basal turn in a specific photographic field. CONCLUSION: lesions or alterations in the functioning of the ECC of albino guinea-pigs after the use of 4mg/Kg/day and 2,5mg/Kg/day every 12 hours for a period 10 and 14 days were not observed.

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          Aminoglycoside cochlear ototoxicity.

          The aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin are discussed in this article on cochlear toxicity of aminoglycosides. Topics discussed include pharmacokinetics, comparative studies on toxicity, toxicity in neonates and children, histopathology, and aminoglycoside monitoring.
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            Acompanhamento audiológico em pacientes com osteossarcoma submetidos à quimioterapia com cisplatina

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              Biochemical basis of aminoglycoside ototoxicity.

              The basis for the development of a rational explanation of aminoglycoside toxicity now appears to exist. The acute effects of these drugs are primarily based on calcium antagonism and block of ion channels. The chronic toxicity requires metabolism, and the expression of tissue-specific toxicity is a balance between synthesis of the toxin and its detoxification. Further investigations into the nature of the toxic metabolite should allow us to combine this information with previously established intracellular actions of aminoglycosides to create a unified hypothesis of action. The ability of glutathione to block toxin formation or to increase detoxification (or both) may have clinical implications for the prevention of aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity. The clinical use of aminoglycosides has somewhat decreased over the last decade because of the introduction of the less toxic cephalosporins of the third generation and the quinolones, which are effective against Pseudomonas infections. Development of bacterial resistance against aminoglycosides is another factor, although resistance to the cephalosporins is also rapidly becoming a serious problem that eventually will limit their usefulness. Only through a detailed knowledge of the molecular basis of toxicity can we rationally pursue the development of new aminoglycosides with less ototoxic and nephrotoxic potential and devise treatments that will prevent the adverse side effects of these antibiotics.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                pfono
                Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica
                Pró-Fono R. Atual. Cient.
                Pró-Fono Produtos Especializados para Fonoaudiologia Ltda. (Barueri )
                0104-5687
                June 2009
                : 21
                : 2
                : 137-142
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital das Forças Armadas de Brasília
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo
                Article
                S0104-56872009000200009
                10.1590/S0104-56872009000200009
                a565af56-7b35-4de0-b627-7e0eb5ce3bac

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0104-5687&lng=en
                Categories
                AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY
                REHABILITATION

                Audiology,Physiotherapy
                Gentamicin,Electronic Microscopy,Ototoxicity,Gentamicina,Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura,Ototoxicidade

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