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      Coping Experiences: A Pathway towards Different Coping Orientations Four and Twelve Months after Myocardial Infarction—A Grounded Theory Approach

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          Abstract

          Background. Patients recovering from a myocardial infarction (MI) are faced with a number of serious challenges. Aim. To create a substantive theory on myocardial infarction patients' coping as a continuum. Methods. Grounded theory method was used. Data were collected by using individual interviews. The informants were 28 MI patients. Results. The core category “coping experiences—a pathway towards different coping orientations” includes 2 main categories: “positive and negative coping experiences” (4 months after MI) and “different coping orientations” (12 months after MI). Conclusion. Coping with a myocardial infarction is a long-term dynamic process of dealing with varied emotions and adjustment needs. Coping is threatened, if the patient denies the seriousness of the situation, suffers from depression and emotional exhaustion, or if there are serious problems in the interaction with family members. This study stresses the importance of recognizing the patient's depressive state of mind and the psychological aspects which affect family dynamics. A more family-centered approach involving a posthospital counseling intervention is recommended. Relevance to Clinical Practice. The results of this study can be used in nursing care practice when organizing support interventions for myocardial infarction patients.

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          Stress, Appraisal, and Coping

          PhD Richard S. Lazarus, PhD Susan Folkman (1984)
          <p><b>The reissue of a classic work, now with a foreword by Daniel Goleman!</b><p>Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book <i>Psychological Stress and the Coping Process</i>. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation.</p> <p>As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages.</p> <p>This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists.</p>
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            HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION. CODE OF ETHICS OF THE WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. DECLARATION OF HELSINKI.

            P P RICKHAM (1964)
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              Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction.

              Nancy Frasure-Smith, François Lespérance, Mario Talajic (1995)
              We previously reported that major depression in patients in the hospital after a myocardial infarction (MI) substantially increases the risk of mortality during the first 6 months. We examined the impact of depression over 18 months and present additional evidence concerning potential mechanisms linking depression and mortality. Two-hundred twenty-two patients responded to a modified version of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) for a major depressive episode at approximately 7 days after MI. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which measures depressive symptomatology, was also completed by 218 of the patients. All patients and/or families were contacted at 18 months to determine survival status. Thirty-five patients met the modified DIS criteria for major in-hospital depression after the MI. Sixty-eight had BDI scores > or = 10, indicative of mild to moderate symptoms of depression. There were 21 deaths during the follow-up period, including 19 from cardiac causes. Seven of these deaths occurred among patients who met DIS criteria for depression, and 12 occurred among patients with elevated BDI scores. Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that both the DIS (odds ratio, 3.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32 to 10.05; P = .012) and elevated BDI scores (odds ratio, 7.82; 95% CI, 2.42 to 25.26; P = .0002) were significantly related to 18-month cardiac mortality. After we controlled for the other significant multivariate predictors of mortality in the data set (previous MI, Killip class, premature ventricular contractions [PVCs] of > or = 10 per hour), the impact of the BDI score remained significant (adjusted odds ratio, 6.64; 95% CI, 1.76 to 25.09; P = .0026). In addition, the interaction of PVCs and BDI score marginally improved the model (P = .094). The interaction showed that deaths were concentrated among depressed patients with PVCs of > or = 10 per hour (odds ratio, 29.1; 95% CI, 6.97 to 122.07; P or = 10 PVCs per hour. This result is compatible with the literature suggesting an arrhythmic mechanism as the link between psychological factors and sudden cardiac death and underscores the importance of developing screening and treatment programs for post-MI depression.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nurs Res Pract
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nurs Res Pract
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NRP
                Title: Nursing Research and Practice
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-1429
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-1437
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 December 2012
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 674783
                Affiliations
                1Department of Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Science Center, Finland
                2Mari Salminen-Tuomaala, School of Health Care and Social Work, Seinäjoki University of Applied Sciences, Koskenalantie 17, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
                3Matti Rekiaro, Centre For Pharmacotherapy Development, The Hospital District of Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Hospital, Hanneksenrinne 7, 60220 Seinäjoki, Finland
                4Department of Nursing Science, University of Tampere, Etelä-Pohjanmaa Hospital District, Finland
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Sabina DeGeest

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/674783
                PMC ID: 3523568
                PubMed ID: 23304483
                SO-VID: a77f3234-0a3b-4190-b0cd-9ab32197af41
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Mari Salminen-Tuomaala et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 May 2012
                Date revision received : 21 September 2012
                Date accepted : 19 October 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nursing
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nursing

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