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      Phylogenetic relationship of the Brazilian isolates of the rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) employing mitochondrial COI gene sequence data

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          Abstract

          Background

          The rat lungworm Angiostrongylus cantonensis can cause eosinophilic meningoencephalitis in humans. This nematode’s main definitive hosts are rodents and its intermediate hosts are snails. This parasite was first described in China and currently is dispersed across several Pacific islands, Asia, Australia, Africa, some Caribbean islands and most recently in the Americas. Here, we report the genetic variability among A. cantonensis isolates from different geographical locations in Brazil using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences.

          Methods

          The isolates of A. cantonensis were obtained from distinct geographical locations of Brazil. Genomic DNAs were extracted, amplified by polymerase reaction, purified and sequenced. A partial sequence of COI gene was determined to assess their phylogenetic relationship.

          Results

          The sequences of A. cantonensis were monophyletic. We identified a distinct clade that included all isolates of A. cantonensis from Brazil and Asia based on eight distinct haplotypes (ac1, ac2, ac3, ac4, ac5, ac6, ac7 and ac8) from a previous study. Interestingly, the Brazilian haplotype ac5 is clustered with isolates from Japan, and the Brazilian haplotype ac8 from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Pará and Pernambuco states formed a distinct clade. There is a divergent Brazilian haplotype, which we named ac9, closely related to Chinese haplotype ac6 and Japanese haplotype ac7.

          Conclusion

          The genetic variation observed among Brazilian isolates supports the hypothesis that the appearance of A. cantonensis in Brazil is likely a result of multiple introductions of parasite-carrying rats, transported on ships due to active commerce with Africa and Asia during the European colonization period. The rapid spread of the intermediate host, Achatina fulica, also seems to have contributed to the dispersion of this parasite and the infection of the definitive host in different Brazilian regions.

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          Most cited references17

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          Genetic variants within the genus Echinococcus identified by mitochondrial DNA sequencing.

          J. Bowles, D. Blair, D. McManus (1992)
          The pattern of species and strain variation within the genus Echinococcus is complex and controversial. In an attempt to characterise objectively the various species and strains, the sequence of a region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO1) gene was determined for 56 Echinococcus isolates. Eleven different genotypes were detected, including 7 within Echinococcus granulosus, and these were used to categorise the isolates. The 4 generally accepted Echinococcus species were clearly distinguishable using this approach. In addition, the consensus view of the strain pattern within E. granulosus, based on a variety of criteria of differentiation, was broadly upheld. Very little variation was detected within Echinococcus multilocularis. Remarkable intra-strain homogeneity was found at the DNA sequence level. This region of the rapidly evolving mitochondrial genome is useful as a marker of species and strain identity and as a preliminary indication of evolutionary divergence within the genus Echinococcus.
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            Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of nematodes: mitochondrial DNA versus internal transcribed spacer.

            Michael Blouin (2002)
            DNA sequence divergence at internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and ITS-2) was compared with divergence at mitochondrial cox1 or nad4 loci in pairs of congeneric nematode species. Mitochondrial sequences accumulate substitutions much more quickly than internal transcribed spacer, the difference being most striking in the most closely related species pairs. Thus, mitochondrial DNA may be the best choice for applications in which one is using sequence data on small numbers of individuals to search for potential cryptic species. On the other hand, internal transcribed spacer remains an excellent tool for DNA diagnostics (quickly distinguishing between known species) owing to its lower level of intraspecific polymorphism.
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              Update on eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and its clinical relevance.

              Kentaro Yoshimura, Carlos Graeff-Teixeira, Kathryn da Silva (2009)
              Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis is caused by a variety of helminthic infections. These worm-specific infections are named after the causative worm genera, the most common being angiostrongyliasis, gnathostomiasis, toxocariasis, cysticercosis, schistosomiasis, baylisascariasis, and paragonimiasis. Worm parasites enter an organism through ingestion of contaminated water or an intermediate host and can eventually affect the central nervous system (CNS). These infections are potentially serious events leading to sequelae or death, and diagnosis depends on currently limited molecular methods. Identification of parasites in fluids and tissues is rarely possible, while images and clinical examinations do not lead to a definitive diagnosis. Treatment usually requires the concomitant administration of corticoids and anthelminthic drugs, yet new compounds and their extensive and detailed clinical evaluation are much needed. Eosinophilia in fluids may be detected in other infectious and noninfectious conditions, such as neoplastic disease, drug use, and prosthesis reactions. Thus, distinctive identification of eosinophils in fluids is a necessary component in the etiologic diagnosis of CNS infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date Collection: 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 November 2012
                Volume: 5
                Page: 248
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [2 ]Laboratório de Referência Nacional em Malacologia Médica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [3 ]Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua México 128, Centro, 20031-142, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [4 ]Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1756-3305-5-248
                DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-248
                PMC ID: 3514143
                PubMed ID: 23130987
                SO-VID: acb45467-c946-4985-b24d-c14e3bf83676
                Copyright © Copyright ©2012 Monte et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 18 September 2012
                Date accepted : 27 October 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: molecular phylogeny,brazil,rattus norvegicus,eosinophilic meningoencephalitis,cytochrome c oxidase subunit i,achatina fulica
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: molecular phylogeny, brazil, rattus norvegicus, eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, cytochrome c oxidase subunit i, achatina fulica

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