Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants

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Abstract

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Developmental programming is the concept that external influences that occur pre-conception, during gestation, or during early postnatal life can have long-term consequences for offspring growth, metabolism, and health. In ruminant livestock species, maternal diet is an important component influencing long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes play an important role in postruminal digestion, primarily of carbohydrates and protein. This review will highlight current information regarding developmental programming of carbohydrases in response to dietary factors. Understanding how diet influences enzyme activity during early prenatal and postnatal life could lead to the development of dietary strategies to optimize offspring growth and development by increasing digestive efficiency of ruminant livestock species.

Abstract

In ruminant livestock species, nutrition can play an important role in the long-term programming of gastrointestinal function. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzymes are important for postruminal digestion of carbohydrates and protein. Carbohydrases have been shown to respond to changes in the level of feed intake and the dietary inclusion of specific nutrients, including arginine, butyrate, folic acid, fructose, and leucine. Understanding how diet influences enzyme development and activity during prenatal and postnatal life could lead to the development of dietary strategies to optimize offspring growth and development to increase digestive efficiency of ruminant livestock species. More research is needed to understand how changes in fetal or neonatal carbohydrase activities in response to nutrition influence long-term growth performance and efficiency in ruminant livestock species to optimize nutritional strategies.

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Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk.

Gerald B. Huntington (1997)

Starch is the major energy component of grains. Wheat contains 77% of DM as starch, corn and sorghum contain 72%, and barley and oats contain 57 to 58%. In vitro systems have provided valuable data on kinetic aspects of starch digestion. Molecular biological techniques have provided a clearer picture of the ruminal microbial milieu. Proportions of starch fermented in the rumen can be predicted satisfactorily for a variety of grains and processing methods. Compared with dry rolling, steam processing (flaking or rolling) increases ruminal digestibility of starch (percentage of intake) from 52 to 78% for sorghum, from 75 to 85% for corn, and six percentage units or less for other grains. Recent research provides new insight into pancreatic function and intestinal glucose transport systems. The capacity to digest starch in the intestine ranges from 45 to 85% of starch entering the duodenum, with that capacity apparently limited by the supply of pancreatic amylase. There is evidence that amylase secretion may be enhanced by increasing duodenal entry of protein. Capacity for active transport of glucose across of gut wall does not seem to limit the amount of starch digested that is absorbed as glucose. For ruminants eating medium- to high-concentrate diets, about 30% of their total glucose need comes from glucose absorption, 50% from organic acid absorption (substrates for hepatic gluconeogenesis), and 20% from other sources. When glucose absorption from the gut increases, ruminants generally adjust (decrease) gluconeogenesis to meet their need; that need is directly linked to DE intake. In terms of overall ME yield, grain starch is best used when it is fermented in the rumen. However, close coordination of protein and starch supply to the duodenum may improve capture of starch in the form of glucose.

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Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle.

Gerald B. Huntington, D Harmon, A. Mark Richards (2006)

Growing cattle in the United States consume up to 6 kg of starch daily, mainly from corn or sorghum grain. Total tract apparent digestibility of starch usually ranges from 90 to 100% of starch intake. Ruminal starch digestion ranges from 75 to 80% of starch intake and is not greatly affected by intake over a range of 1 to 5 kg of starch/d. Starch apparently digested in the small intestine decreases from 80 to 34% as starch entering the small intestine increases from 0.2 to 2 kg/d. Starch apparently digested in the large intestine ranges from 44 to 46% of starch entering the large intestine. Approximately 70% of starch digested in the small intestine appears as glucose in the bloodstream. Within the range of starch intakes that do not cause rumen upsets, increasing starch (and energy) intake increases the amount of starch digested in the rumen, increases the supply of starch to the small intestine, increases starch digested in small intestine (albeit at reduced efficiency), and increases starch digested in the large intestine, such that total tract digestibility remains relatively constant. With increased starch intake, most of the starch is still digested in the rumen, but increasing amounts of starch escape ruminal and intestinal digestion, and disappear distal to the ileocecal junction. Again, within the range of starch intakes that do not cause rumen upsets, as starch intake increases, hepatic gluconeogenesis increases, glucose entry increases, and glucose irreversible loss increases, with a significant portion lost as CO2. The ability to increase use of dietary starch to support greater weight gains or improved marbling could come from increasing starch digestion in a healthy rumen or in the small intestine, but we conclude that the main limit to use of dietary starch to support live weight gain is digestion and absorption from the small intestine. Increased oxidation of glucose at greater starch intakes may alter energetic efficiency by sparing other oxidizable substrates, like amino acids.

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Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine.

Y-M Tae, Edward F Owens, Kurt Zinn (1986)

Site and extent of starch digestion by ruminant animals varies with species, grain type and processing method. Based on a review of 40 different experiments with cattle, between 18 and 42% of the dietary starch from corn and sorghum grains fed to cattle reaches the small intestine for digestion. With more extensive grain processing, a smaller quantity of starch reaches the small intestine. In the small intestine, from 47 to 88% of the presented starch is digested, while in the large intestine, 33 to 62% of the presented starch is digested. Though limits to digestion in and absorption from the small intestine can be demonstrated by infusing starch and glucose into the duodenum, enzymatic capacity does not appear to limit intestinal starch digestion since no plateau in the amount of starch disappearing from the small intestine is detected with typical diets. Yet, extent of digestion is incomplete. Other factors, such as time and surface exposure may limit small intestinal digestion of starch. Processing methods to reduce particle size or alter the protein matrix, which cements starch granules together, will increase the extent of digestion both in the rumen and in the small intestine. Performance data from growing cattle fed processed corn and sorghum grains indicate that starch was used 42% more efficiently if it was digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen. Though total tract starch digestibility is of primary concern, results support the concept that energetic efficiency of growing ruminants is greater if starch is digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Animals (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Animals (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): animals

Title: Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2076-2615

Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2021

Publication date Collection: January 2021

Volume: 11

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 171

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; ronald.trotta@ 123456uky.edu

[2 ]Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA

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[* ]Correspondence: kendall.swanson@ 123456ndsu.edu ; Tel.: +1-701-231-6050

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Kendall C. Swanson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5694-4778

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Publisher ID: animals-11-00171

DOI: 10.3390/ani11010171

PMC ID: 7828265

PubMed ID: 33450809

SO-VID: b26b4fdd-baf2-437c-b7b1-cb91c37c9a25

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Prenatal and Postnatal Nutrition Influence Pancreatic and Intestinal Carbohydrase Activities of Ruminants

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Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 87

Starch utilization by ruminants: from basics to the bunk.

Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle.

Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine.

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