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      Frecuencia de colonización y sensibilidad de Staphylococcus aureus en un grupo de niños sanos en Asunción Translated title: Frequency of Colonization and Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus in a group of health children in Asunción

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La portación nasal de Staphylococcus aureus (SA) en individuos sanos constituye una fuente potencial de infección. La prevalencia de infecciones por SA adquiridas en la comunidad ha aumentado entre los niños sanos. Aunque la epidemiología de la colonización e infección por SA en otros países se ha estudiado ampliamente, los datos son limitados en el Paraguay. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de la portación nasal por SA y su susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en una población de escolares sanos en Asunción, y evaluar factores de riesgo asociados a la colonización. Material y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, sobre la colonización nasal por SA en niños de 5 a 16 años, durante el periodo comprendido entre junio y julio del 2016. Previa autorización de los padres y la escuela, se recogieron datos demográficos y factores de riesgo para la colonización. La determinación de SA se realizó mediante muestras de hisopado de las narinas de los niños. Se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en Agar Mueller y la sensibilidad a la vancomicina se realizó mediante tiras de E-Test®. Los datos fueron registrados en planillas Excel y analizados con el software R v.3.4.2 Resultados: 299 niños fueron incluidos en el estudio. De estos, 58%(173) eran mujeres con una media de edad de 10,6 (±2,5) años. El 79,9% procedía de Asunción y vivía con una media de 5,1 (±1,8) habitantes en el domicilio. Se determinó la presencia de SA en el 30,8% (92/299) de los niños. El 63% de los niños refirió algún factor de riesgo para la colonización por SA. Se objetivo que el antecedente de una enfermedad previa OR=1,92 (95%IC 0,88-4,28), el uso de antibióticos previos OR=1,51 (95%IC 0,89-2,55), la convivencia con mascotas OR=1,42(95%IC 0,81-2,50) y los tratamientos crónicos OR=1,20 (95%IC 0,55-2,61) fueron las variables asociadas a un mayor riesgo de presentar colonización por SA. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se objetivó que el 30,8% de los niños incluidos en el estudio presentaba colonización por SA y que los factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de colonización han sido el antecedente de una enfermedad previa, el uso de antibióticos, la convivencia con mascotas y los tratamientos crónicos.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus (SA) nasal carriage in healthy individuals is a potential source of infection. The prevalence of SA infections acquired in the community has increased among healthy children. Although the epidemiology of colonization and infection by SA in other countries has been studied extensively, data are limited in Paraguay. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of nasal carriage by SA and its antimicrobial susceptibility in a population of healthy schoolchildren in Asunción, and to evaluate risk factors associated with colonization. Material and methods: This was a multicenter, prospective, descriptive and analytical study on nasal colonization by SA in children aged 5 to 16 years between June and July 2016. After obtaining authorization from parents and the school, we collected data on demographics and on risk factors for colonization. The SA colonization determination was made by swabbing samples from the children's nostrils. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on Mueller Agar and the sensitivity to vancomycin was made using E-Test® strips. The data were recorded in Excel spreadsheets and analyzed with the R v.3.4.2 software. Results: 299 children were enrolled in the study. Of these, 58% (173) were female with an average age of 10.6 (± 2.5) years. 79.9% came from Asunción and lived with an average of 5.1 (± 1.8) inhabitants at home. The presence of SA was detected in 30.8% (92/299) of the children. 63% of children reported some risk factor for colonization by SA. We found that a history of a previous disease OR = 1.92 (95% CI 0.88-4.28), the use of previous antibiotics OR = 1.51 (95% CI 0.89-2.55), cohabitation with pets OR = 1.42 (95% CI 0.81-2.50) and chronic treatments OR = 1.20 (95% CI 0.55-2.61) were the variables associated with an increased risk for colonization by SA. Conclusion: In the present study it was found that 30.8% of the children enrolled in the study were colonized by SA and that factors associated with an increased risk of colonization were a history of a previous disease, the use of antibiotics, coexistence with pets and chronic treatments.

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          Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study

          Summary Background Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae with resistance to carbapenem conferred by New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1 (NDM-1) are potentially a major global health problem. We investigated the prevalence of NDM-1, in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in India, Pakistan, and the UK. Methods Enterobacteriaceae isolates were studied from two major centres in India—Chennai (south India), Haryana (north India)—and those referred to the UK's national reference laboratory. Antibiotic susceptibilities were assessed, and the presence of the carbapenem resistance gene bla NDM-1 was established by PCR. Isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of XbaI-restricted genomic DNA. Plasmids were analysed by S1 nuclease digestion and PCR typing. Case data for UK patients were reviewed for evidence of travel and recent admission to hospitals in India or Pakistan. Findings We identified 44 isolates with NDM-1 in Chennai, 26 in Haryana, 37 in the UK, and 73 in other sites in India and Pakistan. NDM-1 was mostly found among Escherichia coli (36) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (111), which were highly resistant to all antibiotics except to tigecycline and colistin. K pneumoniae isolates from Haryana were clonal but NDM-1 producers from the UK and Chennai were clonally diverse. Most isolates carried the NDM-1 gene on plasmids: those from UK and Chennai were readily transferable whereas those from Haryana were not conjugative. Many of the UK NDM-1 positive patients had travelled to India or Pakistan within the past year, or had links with these countries. Interpretation The potential of NDM-1 to be a worldwide public health problem is great, and co-ordinated international surveillance is needed. Funding European Union, Wellcome Trust, and Wyeth.
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            Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods.

            This article reviews recent findings on the global epidemiology of healthcare-acquired/associated (HA), community-acquired/associated (CA) and livestock-associated (LA) meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and aims to reach a consensus regarding the harmonisation of typing methods for MRSA. MRSA rates continue to increase rapidly in many regions and there is a dynamic spread of strains across the globe. HA-MRSA is currently endemic in hospitals in most regions. CA-MRSA clones have been spreading rapidly in the community and also infiltrating healthcare in many regions worldwide. To date, LA-MRSA is only prevalent in certain high-risk groups of workers in direct contact with live animals. CA-MRSA and LA-MRSA have become a challenge for countries that have so far maintained low rates of MRSA. These evolutionary changes have resulted in MRSA continuing to be a major threat to public health. Continuous efforts to understand the changing epidemiology of S. aureus infection in humans and animals are therefore necessary, not only for appropriate antimicrobial treatment and effective infection control but also to monitor the evolution of the species. The group made several consensus decisions with regard to harmonisation of typing methods. A stratified, three-level organisation of testing laboratories was proposed: local; regional; and national. The functions of, and testing methodology used by, each laboratory were defined. The group consensus was to recommend spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing as the preferred methods. Both are informative in defining particular strain characteristics and utilise standardised nomenclatures, making them applicable globally. Effective communication between each of the different levels and between national centres was viewed as being crucial to inform and monitor the molecular epidemiology of MRSA at national and international levels. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.
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              The risk of infection after nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus.

              Nasal, axillary, or inguinal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus generally precedes invasive infection. Some studies have found that colonization with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) poses a greater risk of clinical infection than colonization with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). However, the magnitude of risk is unclear. We undertook a systematic review to provide an overall estimate of the risk of infection following colonization with MRSA compared with colonization by MSSA. Ten observational studies, with a total of 1170 patients, were identified that provided data on both MSSA and MRSA colonization and infection. A random-effects model was used to obtain pooled estimates of the odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Overall, colonization by MRSA was associated with a 4-fold increase in the risk of infection (odds ratio 4.08, 95% confidence interval, 2.10-7.44). Studies differed in the choice of patient population, severity of illness, and frequency of sampling to detect colonization. Further research is needed to identify effective methods for sustained eradication of MRSA carriage to reduce the high risk of subsequent infection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                ped
                Pediatría (Asunción)
                Pediatr. (Asunción)
                Sociedad Paraguaya de Pediatría (Asunción, , Paraguay )
                1683-9803
                December 2017
                : 44
                : 3
                : 226-232
                Affiliations
                [1] Asunción orgnameInstituto de Previsión Social orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría Paraguay
                [4] Asunción orgnameSociedad Paraguaya de Reumatología Paraguay
                [3] San Lorenzo Asunción orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Asunción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas orgdiv2Departamento de Investigación Paraguay
                [2] San Lorenzo Asunción orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Asunción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Médicas orgdiv2Cátedra de Microbiología Paraguay
                Article
                S1683-98032017000300226
                10.18004/ped.2017.diciembre.226-232
                b4cb8a94-b7f6-48f4-affc-69e0d744fcf1

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 December 2017
                : 22 November 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Paraguay

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                colonización,niños sanos,portación nasal,Stafilococcus aureus,sensibilidad,Antibiotics,Staphylococcus aureus,colonization,healthy children,nasal portation,sensitivity,Antibióticos

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