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      Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) en niños y adolescentes. Una revisión clínica Translated title: Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in children and adolescents. A clinical review

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          Abstract

          Resumen El trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) es una alteración del neurodesarrollo, cuyos síntomas principales son inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad. El TDAH se ha asociado a un modelo de heterogeneidad fisiopatológica, en el que se encuentran afectadas, entre otras, las funciones ejecutivas, implicando significativas dificultades para responder a determinados estímulos, planificar y organizar acciones, reflexionar sobre posibles consecuencias e inhibir una respuesta automática inicial a fin de sustituirla por una más apropiada. El TDAH abarca hasta un 50% de las consultas en psiquiatría infantil y su prevalencia se ha estimado entre un 2 a 12% de la población pediátrica; es de origen multifactorial y en el 70% de casos, puede coexistir con otros trastornos psiquiátricos y neurológicos. El diagnóstico es básicamente clínico y requiere, idealmente, de un examen cuidadoso, así como de entrevistas exhaustivas a los padres o cuidadores y profesores además de la entrevista al niño(a) o adolescente en la medida de lo posible. Todo niño(a) o adolescente con TDAH debe tener un plan integral de tratamiento individualizado, que considere la potencial cronicidad y el impacto del cuadro, involucrando manejo psicofarmacológico y/o enfoques terapéuticos conductuales para mejorar las manifestaciones centrales de esta condición y un posible deterioro funcional asociado.

          Translated abstract

          Summary Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition whose main symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD has been associated with a model of pathophysiological heterogeneity, in which, among others, executive functions are mostly affected, generating significant difficulties in responding to certain stimuli, planning and organizing a variety of actions, reflecting on possible consequences, and inhibiting the first, initial automatic response to substitute it with a more appropriate one. ADHD accounts for up to 50% of consultations in child psychiatry, and its prevalence has been estimated between 2% and 12% of the pediatric population. It is multifactorial in origin and, in 70% of the cases, it can coexist with other psychiatric and neurological disorders. The diagnosis is basically clinical and requires, ideally, a careful medical examination as well as exhaustive interviews with parents or caregivers and teachers, as well as, the interview of the child or adolescent whenever possible. Every child or adolescent with ADHD should have a comprehensive, individualized treatment plan that considers the chronicity and impact of the condition, and involves psychopharmacological and/or therapeutic behavioral measures to improve the central manifestations of ADHD and a possible associated functional decline.

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          Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

          This practice parameter describes the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on the current scientific evidence and clinical consensus of experts in the field. This parameter discusses the clinical evaluation for ADHD, comorbid conditions associated with ADHD, research on the etiology of the disorder, and psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions for ADHD.
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            ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.

            Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and can profoundly affect the academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions of children; the American Academy of Pediatrics first published clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and evaluation of ADHD in children in 2000; recommendations for treatment followed in 2001.
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              The pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: A systematic review with network meta-analyses of randomised trials

              Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders in childhood. A wide variety of treatments have been used for the management of ADHD. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of pharmacological, psychological and complementary and alternative medicine interventions for the treatment of ADHD in children and adolescents. Methods and findings We performed a systematic review with network meta-analyses. Randomised controlled trials (≥ 3 weeks follow-up) were identified from published and unpublished sources through searches in PubMed and the Cochrane Library (up to April 7, 2016). Interventions of interest were pharmacological (stimulants, non-stimulants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and other unlicensed drugs), psychological (behavioural, cognitive training and neurofeedback) and complementary and alternative medicine (dietary therapy, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals, herbal therapy, homeopathy, and physical activity). The primary outcomes were efficacy (treatment response) and acceptability (all-cause discontinuation). Secondary outcomes included discontinuation due to adverse events (tolerability), as well as serious adverse events and specific adverse events. Random-effects Bayesian network meta-analyses were conducted to obtain estimates as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% credibility intervals. We analysed interventions by class and individually. 190 randomised trials (52 different interventions grouped in 32 therapeutic classes) that enrolled 26114 participants with ADHD were included in complex networks. At the class level, behavioural therapy (alone or in combination with stimulants), stimulants, and non-stimulant seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo. Behavioural therapy in combination with stimulants seemed superior to stimulants or non-stimulants. Stimulants seemed superior to behavioural therapy, cognitive training and non-stimulants. Behavioural therapy, stimulants and their combination showed the best profile of acceptability. Stimulants and non-stimulants seemed well tolerated. Among medications, methylphenidate, amphetamine, atomoxetine, guanfacine and clonidine seemed significantly more efficacious than placebo. Methylphenidate and amphetamine seemed more efficacious than atomoxetine and guanfacine. Methylphenidate and clonidine seemed better accepted than placebo and atomoxetine. Most of the efficacious pharmacological treatments were associated with harms (anorexia, weight loss and insomnia), but an increased risk of serious adverse events was not observed. There is lack of evidence for cognitive training, neurofeedback, antidepressants, antipsychotics, dietary therapy, fatty acids, and other complementary and alternative medicine. Overall findings were limited by the clinical and methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes of trials, short-term follow-up, and the absence of high-quality evidence; consequently, results should be interpreted with caution. Conclusions Clinical differences may exist between the pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment used for the management of ADHD. Uncertainties about therapies and the balance between benefits, costs and potential harms should be considered before starting treatment. There is an urgent need for high-quality randomised trials of the multiple treatments for ADHD in children and adolescents. PROSPERO, number CRD42014015008.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rnp
                Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría
                Rev Neuropsiquiatr
                Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Facultad de Medicina (Lima, , Peru )
                0034-8597
                July 2020
                : 83
                : 3
                : 148-156
                Affiliations
                [4] Lima Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado Peru
                [3] Lima orgnameClínica Anglo Americana Perú
                [2] Lima orgnameClínica Delgado AUNA Perú
                [1] Arequipa orgnameCentro Médico Arequipa Perú
                Article
                S0034-85972020000300148 S0034-8597(20)08300300148
                10.20453/rnp.v83i3.3794
                b73a7092-7864-4957-9f09-f1a683c5734d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 27 July 2020
                : 21 September 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Artículos de revisión

                Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity,adolescente,niño,Trastorno de déficit de atención e hiperactividad,adolescent,child

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