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      Intestinal Microbiota in Early Life and Its Implications on Childhood Health

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          Abstract

          Trillions of microbes reside in the human body and participate in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes that affect host health throughout the life cycle. The microbiome is hallmarked by distinctive compositional and functional features across different life periods. Accumulating evidence has shown that microbes residing in the human body may play fundamental roles in infant development and the maturation of the immune system. Gut microbes are thought to be essential for the facilitation of infantile and childhood development and immunity by assisting in breaking down food substances to liberate nutrients, protecting against pathogens, stimulating or modulating the immune system, and exerting control over the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the colonization and development of the gut microbiota in early life, highlighting the recent findings regarding the role of intestinal microbes in pediatric diseases. Furthermore, we also discuss the microbiota-mediated therapeutics that can reconfigure bacterial communities to treat dysbiosis.

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          An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system.

          Sarkis Mazmanian, Cui Hua Liu, Arthur O Tzianabos … (2005)
          The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex ecosystem consisting of countless bacteria in homeostasis with the host immune system. Shaped by evolution, this partnership has potential for symbiotic benefit. However, the identities of bacterial molecules mediating symbiosis remain undefined. Here we show that, during colonization of animals with the ubiquitous gut microorganism Bacteroides fragilis, a bacterial polysaccharide (PSA) directs the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. Comparison with germ-free animals reveals that the immunomodulatory activities of PSA during B. fragilis colonization include correcting systemic T cell deficiencies and T(H)1/T(H)2 imbalances and directing lymphoid organogenesis. A PSA mutant of B. fragilis does not restore these immunologic functions. PSA presented by intestinal dendritic cells activates CD4+ T cells and elicits appropriate cytokine production. These findings provide a molecular basis for host-bacterial symbiosis and reveal the archetypal molecule of commensal bacteria that mediates development of the host immune system.
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            Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis.

            Rebecca M. Lovell, Alexander Ford (2012)
            Many cross-sectional surveys have reported the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but there have been no recent systematic review of data from all studies to determine its global prevalence and risk factors. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and EMBASE Classic were searched (until October 2011) to identify population-based studies that reported the prevalence of IBS in adults (≥15 years old); IBS was defined by using specific symptom-based criteria or questionnaires. The prevalence of IBS was extracted for all studies and based on the criteria used to define it. Pooled prevalence, according to study location and certain other characteristics, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Of the 390 citations evaluated, 81 reported the prevalence of IBS in 80 separate study populations containing 260,960 subjects. Pooled prevalence in all studies was 11.2% (95% CI, 9.8%-12.8%). The prevalence varied according to country (from 1.1% to 45.0%) and criteria used to define IBS. The greatest prevalence values were calculated when ≥3 Manning criteria were used (14%; 95% CI, 10.0%-17.0%); by using the Rome I and Rome II criteria, prevalence values were 8.8% (95% CI, 6.8%-11.2%) and 9.4% (95% CI, 7.8%-11.1%), respectively. The prevalence was higher for women than men (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.53-1.82) and lower for individuals older than 50 years, compared with those younger than 50 (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.62-0.92). There was no effect of socioeconomic status, but only 4 studies reported these data. The prevalence of IBS varies among countries, as well as criteria used to define its presence. Women are at slightly higher risk for IBS than men. The effects of socioeconomic status have not been well described. Copyright © 2012 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children.

              Sydney M. Finegold, Scot Dowd, Viktoria Gontcharova … (2010)
              There is evidence of genetic predisposition to autism, but the percent of autistic subjects with this background is unknown. It is clear that other factors, such as environmental influences, may play a role in this disease. In the present study, we have examined the fecal microbial flora of 33 subjects with various severities of autism with gastrointestinal symptoms, 7 siblings not showing autistic symptoms (sibling controls) and eight non-sibling control subjects, using the bacterial tag encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) procedure. The results provide us with information on the microflora of stools of young children and a compelling picture of unique fecal microflora of children with autism with gastrointestinal symptomatology. Differences based upon maximum observed and maximum predicted operational taxonomic units were statistically significant when comparing autistic and control subjects with p-values ranging from <0.001 to 0.009 using both parametric and non-parametric estimators. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes showed the most difference between groups of varying severities of autism. Bacteroidetes was found at high levels in the severely autistic group, while Firmicutes were more predominant in the control group. Smaller, but significant, differences also occurred in the Actinobacterium and Proteobacterium phyla. Desulfovibrio species and Bacteroides vulgatus are present in significantly higher numbers in stools of severely autistic children than in controls. If the unique microbial flora is found to be a causative or consequent factor in this type of autism, it may have implications with regard to a specific diagnostic test, its epidemiology, and for treatment and prevention. Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
              Article 0 comments Cited 366 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Qiuping Li
                Zhichun Feng
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics
                Title: Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1672-0229
                ISSN (Electronic): 2210-3244
                Publication date PMC-release: 12 April 2019
                Publication date (Print): February 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 April 2019
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 13-25
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Affiliated Bayi Children’s Hospital, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
                [2 ]The First Clinical Academy of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
                [3 ]College of the Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
                [4 ]National Engineering Laboratory for Birth Defects Prevention and Control of Key Technology, Beijing 100700, China
                [5 ]Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Organ Failure, Beijing 100700, China
                Author notes
                [a]

                ORCID: 0000-0002-7486-7411.

                [b]

                ORCID: 0000-0002-8777-111X.

                [c]

                ORCID: 0000-0003-2711-6209.

                [d]

                ORCID: 0000-0001-6534-4400.

                [e]

                ORCID: 0000-0001-9363-7577.

                [f]

                ORCID: 0000-0002-9622-4062.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S1672-0229(19)30057-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2018.10.002
                PMC ID: 6522475
                PubMed ID: 30986482
                SO-VID: b7580d09-f69b-4d81-adbc-84f4f61b830f
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 31 January 2018
                Date revision received : 7 June 2018
                Date accepted : 10 October 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: intestinal microbiota,immunity,gut–brain axis,early life,diseases,microbiota manipulation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: intestinal microbiota, immunity, gut–brain axis, early life, diseases, microbiota manipulation

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