Characterization of Clinical MRSA Isolates from Northern Spain and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Phage-Derived Antimicrobials

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Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a prevalent nosocomial pathogen, causing a wide range of diseases. The increased frequency of MRSA isolates in hospitals and the emergence of vancomycin resistance have sparked the search for new control strategies. This study aimed to characterize sixty-seven MRSA isolates collected from both infected patients and asymptomatic carriers in a Spanish hospital. RAPD-PCR allowed the identification of six genetic patterns. We also investigated the presence of genes involved in producing adhesins, toxins and the capsule; the biofilm; and antimicrobial resistance. A notable percentage of the isolates carried virulence genes and showed medium-high ability to form biofilms. Next, we assessed the strains’ susceptibility to two phages (phiIPLA-C1C and phiIPLA-RODI) and one endolysin (LysRODI). All strains were resistant to phiIPLA-C1C, and most (70.2%) were susceptible to phiIPLA-RODI. Regarding LysRODI, all strains displayed susceptibility, although to varying degrees. There was a correlation between endolysin susceptibility and the random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile or the presence of some virulence genes ( fnbA, eta, etb, PVL and czr), but that was not observed with biofilm-forming ability, strain origin or phage sensitivity. Taken together, these findings can help to explain the factors influencing endolysin effectiveness, which will contribute to the development of efficient therapies targeting MRSA infections.

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Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods.

Stefania Stefani, Doo Ryeon Chung, Jodi A. Lindsay … (2012)

This article reviews recent findings on the global epidemiology of healthcare-acquired/associated (HA), community-acquired/associated (CA) and livestock-associated (LA) meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and aims to reach a consensus regarding the harmonisation of typing methods for MRSA. MRSA rates continue to increase rapidly in many regions and there is a dynamic spread of strains across the globe. HA-MRSA is currently endemic in hospitals in most regions. CA-MRSA clones have been spreading rapidly in the community and also infiltrating healthcare in many regions worldwide. To date, LA-MRSA is only prevalent in certain high-risk groups of workers in direct contact with live animals. CA-MRSA and LA-MRSA have become a challenge for countries that have so far maintained low rates of MRSA. These evolutionary changes have resulted in MRSA continuing to be a major threat to public health. Continuous efforts to understand the changing epidemiology of S. aureus infection in humans and animals are therefore necessary, not only for appropriate antimicrobial treatment and effective infection control but also to monitor the evolution of the species. The group made several consensus decisions with regard to harmonisation of typing methods. A stratified, three-level organisation of testing laboratories was proposed: local; regional; and national. The functions of, and testing methodology used by, each laboratory were defined. The group consensus was to recommend spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing as the preferred methods. Both are informative in defining particular strain characteristics and utilise standardised nomenclatures, making them applicable globally. Effective communication between each of the different levels and between national centres was viewed as being crucial to inform and monitor the molecular epidemiology of MRSA at national and international levels. Copyright Â© 2011 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

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Phage therapy in clinical practice: treatment of human infections.

Zemphira Alavidze, Hjalmar S Kühl, Guram Gvasalia … (2009)

Phage therapy is the application of bacteria-specific viruses with the goal of reducing or eliminating pathogenic or nuisance bacteria. While phage therapy has become a broadly relevant technology, including veterinary, agricultural, and food microbiology applications, it is for the treatment or prevention of human infections that phage therapy first caught the world's imagination--see, especially, Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis (1925)--and which today is the primary motivator of the field. Nonetheless, though the first human phage therapy took place in the 1920s, by the 1940s the field, was in steep decline despite early promise. The causes were at least three-fold: insufficient understanding among researchers of basic phage biology; over exuberance, which led, along with ignorance, to carelessness; and the advent of antibiotics, an easier to handle as well as highly powerful category of antibacterials. The decline in phage therapy was neither uniform nor complete, especially in the former Soviet Republic of Georgia, where phage therapy traditions and practice continue to this day. In this review we strive toward three goals: 1. To provide an overview of the potential of phage therapy as a means of treating or preventing human diseases; 2. To explore the phage therapy state of the art as currently practiced by physicians in various pockets of phage therapy activity around the world, including in terms of potential commercialization; and 3. To avert a recapitulation of phage therapy's early decline by outlining good practices in phage therapy practice, experimentation, and, ultimately, commercialization.

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Incidence, prevalence, and management of MRSA bacteremia across patient populations—a review of recent developments in MRSA management and treatment

Ali Hassoun, Peter K Linden, Bruce Friedman (2017)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is still a major global healthcare problem. Of concern is S. aureus bacteremia, which exhibits high rates of morbidity and mortality and can cause metastatic or complicated infections such as infective endocarditis or sepsis. MRSA is responsible for most global S. aureus bacteremia cases, and compared with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus, MRSA infection is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. S. aureus virulence is affected by the unique combination of toxin and immune-modulatory gene products, which may differ by geographic location and healthcare- or community-associated acquisition. Management of S. aureus bacteremia involves timely identification of the infecting strain and source of infection, proper choice of antibiotic treatment, and robust prevention strategies. Resistance and nonsusceptibility to first-line antimicrobials combined with a lack of equally effective alternatives complicates MRSA bacteremia treatment. This review describes trends in epidemiology and factors that influence the incidence of MRSA bacteremia. Current and developing diagnostic tools, treatments, and prevention strategies are also discussed.

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Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antibiotics (Basel)

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antibiotics (Basel)

Journal ID (publisher-id): antibiotics

Title: Antibiotics

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2079-6382

Publication date (Electronic): 25 July 2020

Publication date Collection: August 2020

Volume: 9

Issue: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: 447

Affiliations

[1 ]DairySafe Group, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Paseo Río Linares s/n, Villaviciosa, 33300 Asturias, Spain; marinasalasf@ 123456gmail.com (M.S.); lucia.fernandez@ 123456ipla.csic.es (L.F.); Diana.GutierrezFernandez@ 123456UGent.be (D.G.); anarguez@ 123456ipla.csic.es (A.R.)

[2 ]Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-120 Wroclaw, Poland; maciej.wernecki@ 123456uwr.edu.pl

[3 ]Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011 Asturias, Spain

[4 ]Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital San Agustín, Avilés, 33401 Asturias, Spain; beatriz.iglesias@ 123456sespa.es (B.I.); laura.garcia@ 123456sespa.es (L.G.); melisabeth.prieto@ 123456sespa.es (E.P.)

[5 ]Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium

[6 ]Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital San Agustín, Avilés, 33401 Asturias, Spain; andrea.alvarez@ 123456sespa.es

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: pgarcia@ 123456ipla.csic.es ; Tel.: +34-985-89-34-20

[†]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Maciej Wernecki https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4821-5898

Pilar García https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1213-8165

Article

Publisher ID: antibiotics-09-00447

DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080447

PMC ID: 7460284

PubMed ID: 32722499

SO-VID: b8e9169e-8b0e-432f-8c33-b9ff404812f6

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Characterization of Clinical MRSA Isolates from Northern Spain and Assessment of Their Susceptibility to Phage-Derived Antimicrobials

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Bacterial vaginosis and biofilm

Most cited references 47

Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods.

Phage therapy in clinical practice: treatment of human infections.

Incidence, prevalence, and management of MRSA bacteremia across patient populations—a review of recent developments in MRSA management and treatment

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