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      Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: transmission and phylogenetic evolution

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Trends in Microbiology
      Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
      Keywords: Middle East, MERS-CoV, coronavirus, pathogenesis

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          Highlights

          • •

            MERS-CoV continues to cause sporadic cases with amplification of cases in the healthcare setting.

          • •

            Camels have been linked as an intermediate host.

          • •

            Proper infection control measures are needed to prevent nosocomial outbreaks.

          Abstract

          The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first described in 2012 and, subsequently, many cases were reported with a lower case fatality rate than initial cases. Humans can become infected within their communities and transmission can then be amplified in the healthcare setting. Contact investigation among cases shows a variable amount of spread among family members and healthcare workers. So far, circulating virus strains remain similar under continuous monitoring, with no genetic changes. Here, we discuss the transmission pattern, phylogenetic evolution, and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection.

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          Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia.

          Theo M. Bestebroer, Albert Osterhaus, Sander van Boheemen … (2012)
          A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3036 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

            Christian Drosten, Stephan Günther, Wolfgang Preiser … (2003)
            The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has recently been identified as a new clinical entity. SARS is thought to be caused by an unknown infectious agent. Clinical specimens from patients with SARS were searched for unknown viruses with the use of cell cultures and molecular techniques. A novel coronavirus was identified in patients with SARS. The virus was isolated in cell culture, and a sequence 300 nucleotides in length was obtained by a polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based random-amplification procedure. Genetic characterization indicated that the virus is only distantly related to known coronaviruses (identical in 50 to 60 percent of the nucleotide sequence). On the basis of the obtained sequence, conventional and real-time PCR assays for specific and sensitive detection of the novel virus were established. Virus was detected in a variety of clinical specimens from patients with SARS but not in controls. High concentrations of viral RNA of up to 100 million molecules per milliliter were found in sputum. Viral RNA was also detected at extremely low concentrations in plasma during the acute phase and in feces during the late convalescent phase. Infected patients showed seroconversion on the Vero cells in which the virus was isolated. The novel coronavirus might have a role in causing SARS. Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Medical Society
            Article 0 comments Cited 2282 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China.

              Y Guan (2003)
              A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.
              Article 0 comments Cited 1154 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ziad A. Memish
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Trends Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Trends Microbiol
                Title: Trends in Microbiology
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0966-842X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1878-4380
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 August 2014
                Publication date (Print): October 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 August 2014
                Volume: 22
                Issue: 10
                Pages: 573-579
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
                [3 ]Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                [4 ]College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0966-842X(14)00157-7
                DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.08.001
                PMC ID: 7133228
                PubMed ID: 25178651
                SO-VID: b942bfd9-d33b-4818-8ff9-ddc50fd140f4
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: middle east,mers-cov,coronavirus,pathogenesis
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: middle east, mers-cov, coronavirus, pathogenesis

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