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      Use of graphene-based materials as carriers of bioactive agents

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          Abstract

          Graphene possesses a large specific surface area, a high Young's modulus, high fracture strength, high electrical conductivity, and excellent optical performance. It has been widely studied for biomedical use since its first appearance in the literature. This article offers an overview of the latest advances in the design of graphene-based materials for delivery of bioactive agents. To enhance the translation of these carriers into practical use, the toxicity involved is needed to be examined in future research in more detail. In addition, guidelines for standardizing experimental conditions during the evaluation of the performance of graphene-based materials are required to be established so that candidates showing higher practical potential can be more effectively identified for further development. This can streamline the optimization and use of graphene-based materials in delivery applications.

          Graphical abstract

          Graphene-based carriers have been widely developed in recent years as carriers of bioactive agents. Along with recent advances in molecular design and engineering, they show practical potential for future use in bioactive agent delivery.

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          Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films

          K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. Morozov … (2004)
          We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
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            The rise of graphene.

            A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov (2007)
            Graphene is a rapidly rising star on the horizon of materials science and condensed-matter physics. This strictly two-dimensional material exhibits exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, and, despite its short history, has already revealed a cornucopia of new physics and potential applications, which are briefly discussed here. Whereas one can be certain of the realness of applications only when commercial products appear, graphene no longer requires any further proof of its importance in terms of fundamental physics. Owing to its unusual electronic spectrum, graphene has led to the emergence of a new paradigm of 'relativistic' condensed-matter physics, where quantum relativistic phenomena, some of which are unobservable in high-energy physics, can now be mimicked and tested in table-top experiments. More generally, graphene represents a conceptually new class of materials that are only one atom thick, and, on this basis, offers new inroads into low-dimensional physics that has never ceased to surprise and continues to provide a fertile ground for applications.
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              PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs.

              Zhuang Liu, Joshua T Robinson, Xiaoming Sun … (2008)
              It is known that many potent, often aromatic drugs are water insoluble, which has hampered their use for disease treatment. In this work, we functionalized nanographene oxide (NGO), a novel graphitic material, with branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) to obtain a biocompatible NGO-PEG conjugate stable in various biological solutions, and used them for attaching hydrophobic aromatic molecules including a camptothecin (CPT) analogue, SN38, noncovalently via pi-pi stacking. The resulting NGO-PEG-SN38 complex exhibited excellent water solubility while maintaining its high cancer cell killing potency similar to that of the free SN38 molecules in organic solvents. The efficacy of NGO-PEG-SN38 was far higher than that of irinotecan (CPT-11), a FDA-approved water soluble SN38 prodrug used for the treatment of colon cancer. Our results showed that graphene is a novel class of material promising for biological applications including future in vivo cancer treatment with various aromatic, low-solubility drugs.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wing-Fu Lai
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Asian J Pharm Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Asian J Pharm Sci
                Title: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
                Publisher: Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
                ISSN (Print): 1818-0876
                ISSN (Electronic): 2221-285X
                Publication date PMC-release: 07 December 2020
                Publication date (Print): September 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 December 2020
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 577-588
                Affiliations
                [a ]Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
                [b ]Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. rori0610@ 123456graduate.hku.hk
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S1818-0876(20)31460-4
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.11.004
                PMC ID: 8609387
                PubMed ID: 34849163
                SO-VID: b9dd3f9e-0e88-4156-bf10-ea9a128e1b11
                Copyright © © 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 June 2020
                Date revision received : 1 October 2020
                Date accepted : 10 November 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: graphene,carbon,nanomaterial,loading,controlled release
                Data availability:
                Keywords: graphene, carbon, nanomaterial, loading, controlled release

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