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      Imaging vibrating vocal folds with a high speed 1050 nm swept source OCT and ODT

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          Abstract

          Vocal fold vibration is vital in voice production and the correct pitch of speech. We have developed a high speed functional optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a center wavelength of 1050 nm and an imaging speed of 100,000 A-lines per second. We imaged the vibration of an ex-vivo swine vocal fold. At an imaging speed of 100 frames per second, we demonstrated high quality vocal fold images during vibration. Functional information, such as vibration frequency and vibration amplitude, was obtained by analyzing the tissue surface during vibration. The axial direction velocity distribution in the cross-sectional images of the vibrating vocal folds was obtained with the Doppler OCT. The quantitative transverse direction velocity distribution in the cross-sectional images was obtained with the Doppler variance images.

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          Optical coherence tomography.

          D. Huang, E Swanson, C. Lin … (1991)
          A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.
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            Optical coherence angiography.

            Shuichi Makita, Youngjoo Hong, Masahiro Yamanari … (2006)
            Noninvasive angiography is demonstrated for the in vivo human eye. Three-dimensional flow imaging has been performed with high-speed spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Sample motion is compensated by two algorithms. Axial motion between adjacent A-lines within one OCT image is compensated by the Doppler shift due to bulk sample motion. Axial displacements between neighboring images are compensated by a correlation-based algorithm. Three-dimensional vasculature of ocular vessels has been visualized. By integrating volume sets of flow images, two-dimensional images of blood vessels are obtained. Retinal and choroidal blood vessel images are simultaneously obtained by separating the volume set into retinal part and choroidal parts. These are corresponding to fluorescein angiogram and indocyanine angiogram.
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              Ultrahigh speed 1050nm swept source/Fourier domain OCT retinal and anterior segment imaging at 100,000 to 400,000 axial scans per second.

              Benjamin Potsaid, Bernhard Baumann, David Huang … (2010)
              We demonstrate ultrahigh speed swept source/Fourier domain ophthalmic OCT imaging using a short cavity swept laser at 100,000 - 400,000 axial scan rates. Several design configurations illustrate tradeoffs in imaging speed, sensitivity, axial resolution, and imaging depth. Variable rate A/D optical clocking is used to acquire linear-in-k OCT fringe data at 100 kHz axial scan rate with 5.3 um axial resolution in tissue. Fixed rate sampling at 1 GSPS achieves a 7.5mm imaging range in tissue with 6.0 um axial resolution at 100 kHz axial scan rate. A 200 kHz axial scan rate with 5.3 um axial resolution over 4mm imaging range is achieved by buffering the laser sweep. Dual spot OCT using two parallel interferometers achieves 400 kHz axial scan rate, almost 2X faster than previous 1050 nm ophthalmic results and 20X faster than current commercial instruments. Superior sensitivity roll-off performance is shown. Imaging is demonstrated in the human retina and anterior segment. Wide field 12x12 mm data sets include the macula and optic nerve head. Small area, high density imaging shows individual cone photoreceptors. The 7.5 mm imaging range configuration can show the cornea, iris, and anterior lens in a single image. These improvements in imaging speed and depth range provide important advantages for ophthalmic imaging. The ability to rapidly acquire 3D-OCT data over a wide field of view promises to simplify examination protocols. The ability to image fine structures can provide detailed information on focal pathologies. The large imaging range and improved image penetration at 1050 m wavelengths promises to improve performance for instrumentation which images both the retina and anterior eye. These advantages suggest that swept source OCT at 1050 nm wavelengths will play an important role in future ophthalmic instrumentation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Opt Express
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Opt Express
                Journal ID (publisher-id): OE
                Title: Optics Express
                Publisher: Optical Society of America
                ISSN (Electronic): 1094-4087
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 June 2011
                Publication date Collection: 06 June 2011
                Volume: 19
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 11880-11889
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, USA
                [2 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA
                [3 ]Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868, USA
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 142513
                DOI: 10.1364/OE.19.011880
                PMC ID: 3130610
                PubMed ID: 21716421
                SO-VID: bf7b9d0f-90f7-401d-a035-aa1d25fbcfb1
                Copyright © ©2011 Optical Society of America
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License, which permits download and redistribution, provided that the original work is properly cited. This license restricts the article from being modified or used commercially.

                History
                Date received : 10 February 2011
                Date revision received : 29 April 2011
                Date accepted : 12 May 2011
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health
                Award ID: EB-00293
                Award ID: EB-10090
                Award ID: RR-01192
                Award ID: HL-103764
                Award ID: HL-105215
                Funded by: Air Force Office of Scientific Research
                Award ID: FA9550-04-0101
                Funded by: Beckman Laser Institute Endowment
                Categories
                Subject: Research-Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: (170.3890) medical optics instrumentation,(170.3340) laser doppler velocimetry,(170.4500) optical coherence tomography
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Keywords: (170.3890) medical optics instrumentation, (170.3340) laser doppler velocimetry, (170.4500) optical coherence tomography

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