Exploring the Impact of Cigarette Smoke Extracts on Vitamin B <sub>12</sub>: Insights into the Transformation of Methylcobalamin and Hydroxycobalamin to Cyanocobalamin through <i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation

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Abstract

Vitamin B ₁₂ (cobalamin) is a water-soluble molecule required for the proper functioning of metabolism, blood and DNA synthesis, and neurological development. Vitamin B ₁₂ exists in several forms: methylcobalamin (MeCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), hydroxycobalamin (OHCbl), and cyanocobalamin (CNCbl). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cigarette smoke on the chemical structure of methylcobalamin and hydroxycobalamin forms of vitamin B ₁₂. MeCbl and OHCbl were markedly affected by exposure to cigarette smoke. The resemblance of the Rt between MeCbl and OHCbl and CNCbl indicates that exposure to cigarette smoke extracts chemically alters MeCbl and OHCbl to CNCbl, warranting in vivo research investigations.

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One of the most alluring and fascinating molecules in the world of science and medicine is vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which was originally discovered as the anti pernicious anemia factor and whose enigmatic complex structure is matched only by the beguiling chemistry that it mediates. The biosynthesis of this essential nutrient is intricate, involved and, remarkably, confined to certain members of the prokaryotic world, seemingly never have to have made the eukaryotic transition. In humans, the vitamin is required in trace amounts (approximately 1 microg/day) to assist the actions of only two enzymes, methionine synthase and (R)-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; yet commercially more than 10 t of B12 are produced each year from a number of bacterial species. The rich scientific history of vitamin B12 research, its biological functions and the pathways employed by bacteria for its de novo synthesis are described. Current strategies for the improvement of vitamin B12 production using modern biotechnological techniques are outlined.

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How common is vitamin B-12 deficiency?

Lindsay Allen (2009)

In considering the vitamin B-12 fortification of flour, it is important to know who is at risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency and whether those individuals would benefit from flour fortification. This article reviews current knowledge of the prevalence and causes of vitamin B-12 deficiency and considers whether fortification would improve the status of deficient subgroups of the population. In large surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom, approximately 6% of those aged > or =60 y are vitamin B-12 deficient (plasma vitamin B-12 < 148 pmol/L), with the prevalence of deficiency increasing with age. Closer to 20% have marginal status (plasma vitamin B-12: 148-221 pmol/L) in later life. In developing countries, deficiency is much more common, starting in early life and persisting across the life span. Inadequate intake, due to low consumption of animal-source foods, is the main cause of low serum vitamin B-12 in younger adults and likely the main cause in poor populations worldwide; in most studies, serum vitamin B-12 concentration is correlated with intake of this vitamin. In older persons, food-bound cobalamin malabsorption becomes the predominant cause of deficiency, at least in part due to gastric atrophy, but it is likely that most elderly can absorb the vitamin from fortified food. Fortification of flour with vitamin B-12 is likely to improve the status of most persons with low stores of this vitamin. However, intervention studies are still needed to assess efficacy and functional benefits of increasing intake of the amounts likely to be consumed in flour, including in elderly persons with varying degrees of gastric atrophy.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Raed M. Al-Zoubi:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-429X

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biochem Res Int

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biochem Res Int

Journal ID (publisher-id): BRI

Title: Biochemistry Research International

Publisher: Hindawi

ISSN (Print): 2090-2247

ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2255

Publication date Collection: 2024

Publication date (Electronic): 18 April 2024

Volume: 2024

Electronic Location Identifier: 8827402

Affiliations

¹Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 211-63, Jordan

²Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid 211-63, Jordan

³Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar

⁴Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan

⁵Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar

Author notes

Academic Editor: Zubeyir Huyut

Author information

Mazhar Salim Al Zoubi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-4777

Asmaa Al Smadi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-9522

Raed M. Al-Zoubi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0548-429X

Article

DOI: 10.1155/2024/8827402

PMC ID: 11045288

PubMed ID: 38665151

SO-VID: c21d0dcc-31b1-4889-8499-5147b820de4b

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The publication of this article was funded by Qatar National Library.

History

Date received : 18 November 2023

Date revision received : 10 March 2024

Date accepted : 28 March 2024

Funding

Funded by: Qatar National Library