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      Deciphering the Venomic Transcriptome of Killer-Wasp Vespa velutina

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          Abstract

          Wasp stings have been arising to be a severe public health problem in China in recent years. However, molecular information about lethal or toxic factors in wasp venom is extremely lacking. In this study, we used two pyrosequencing platforms to analyze the transcriptome of Vespa velutina, the most common wasp species native in China. Besides the substantial amount of transcripts encoding for allergens usually regarded as the major lethal factor of wasp sting, a greater abundance of hemostasis-impairing toxins and neurotoxins in the venom of V. velutina were identified, implying that toxic reactions and allergic effects are envenoming strategy for the dangerous outcomes. The pattern of differentially expressed genes before and after venom extraction clearly indicates that the manifestation of V. velutina stings depends on subtle regulations in the metabolic pathway required for toxin recruitment. This comparative analysis offers timely clues for developing clinical treatments for wasp envenoming in China and around the world.

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          Evolution of genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny.

          Andrew G Clark, Michael B Eisen, Douglas R Smith … (2007)
          Comparative analysis of multiple genomes in a phylogenetic framework dramatically improves the precision and sensitivity of evolutionary inference, producing more robust results than single-genome analyses can provide. The genomes of 12 Drosophila species, ten of which are presented here for the first time (sechellia, simulans, yakuba, erecta, ananassae, persimilis, willistoni, mojavensis, virilis and grimshawi), illustrate how rates and patterns of sequence divergence across taxa can illuminate evolutionary processes on a genomic scale. These genome sequences augment the formidable genetic tools that have made Drosophila melanogaster a pre-eminent model for animal genetics, and will further catalyse fundamental research on mechanisms of development, cell biology, genetics, disease, neurobiology, behaviour, physiology and evolution. Despite remarkable similarities among these Drosophila species, we identified many putatively non-neutral changes in protein-coding genes, non-coding RNA genes, and cis-regulatory regions. These may prove to underlie differences in the ecology and behaviour of these diverse species.
          Article 0 comments Cited 831 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Insights into the venom composition of the ectoparasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis from bioinformatic and proteomic studies.

            M Brunain, Francisca H T M Aerts, Anne-Marie F Jacobs … (2010)
            With the Nasonia vitripennis genome sequences available, we attempted to determine the proteins present in venom by two different approaches. First, we searched for the transcripts of venom proteins by a bioinformatic approach using amino acid sequences of known hymenopteran venom proteins. Second, we performed proteomic analyses of crude N. vitripennis venom removed from the venom reservoir, implementing both an off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight (2D-LC-MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and a two-dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Founer transform ion cyclotron resonance (2D-LC-ESI-FT-ICR) MS setup. This combination of bioinformatic and proteomic studies resulted in an extraordinary richness of identified venom constituents. Moreover, half of the 79 identified proteins were not yet associated with insect venoms: 16 proteins showed similarity only to known proteins from other tissues or secretions, and an additional 23 did not show similarity to any known protein. Serine proteases and their inhibitors were the most represented. Fifteen nonsecretory proteins were also identified by proteomic means and probably represent so-called 'venom trace elements'. The present study contributes greatly to the understanding of the biological diversity of the venom of parasitoid wasps at the molecular level.
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              Disseminated intravascular coagulation.

              Marcel Levi (2007)
              To review the current knowledge on the clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Selected articles from the MEDLINE database. DIC may complicate a variety of disorders and can cause significant morbidity (in particular related to organ dysfunction and bleeding) and may contribute to mortality. The pathogenesis of DIC is based on tissue factor-mediated initiation of systemic coagulation activation that is insufficiently contained by physiologic anticoagulant pathways and amplified by impaired endogenous fibrinolysis. The diagnosis of DIC can be made using routinely available laboratory tests and scoring algorithms. Supportive treatment of DIC may be aimed at replacement of platelets and coagulation factors, anticoagulant treatment, and restoration of anticoagulant pathways. Insight into the pathogenesis of DIC has resulted in better strategies for clinical management, including straightforward diagnostic criteria and potentially beneficial supportive treatment options.
              Article 0 comments Cited 67 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep
                Title: Scientific Reports
                Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
                ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 April 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 9454
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Shanghai University , Nanchen Road 333, Shanghai 200444, P.R. China
                [2 ]Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1095 Jie Fang Avenue, Hankou, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
                [3 ]Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , South Chongqing Road 280, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: srep09454
                DOI: 10.1038/srep09454
                PMC ID: 5381768
                PubMed ID: 25896434
                SO-VID: c6edb30a-bf65-4eb6-b9e4-9b722fcd3b5f
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015, Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder in order to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 02 November 2014
                Date accepted : 27 February 2015
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