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      Interplay of diet and sympatry in the morphological evolution of noctilionoid bats

      1 , 2 , 2 , 1
      Journal of Biogeography
      Wiley

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          Abstract

          Aim

          The remarkable ecomorphological diversity of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea is the result of a diet‐mediated adaptive radiation. Stemming from a putatively insectivorous ancestor, noctilionoid bats diversified to adapt to the widest range of dietary ecologies among mammals. The high concentration of noctilionoid diversity in the Neotropics raises the question as to whether competitive ecological interactions influenced their diversification. However, patterns of morphological diversification along gradients of coexistence in Noctilionoidea are understudied. Here, we assessed the effect of dietary adaptations on patterns of morphological divergence associated with coexistence in noctilionoid bats.

          Location

          The Americas and the Caribbean.

          Taxon

          Bat superfamily Noctilionoidea.

          Methods

          Using a set of five dental morphological traits and a sample of 108 species, we quantified morphological distances between noctilionoid species pairs to reveal patterns of morphological divergence along gradients of range overlap and dietary similarity. We incorporate phylogenetic information to control for the effects of species' relatedness on morphological distances.

          Results

          Overall, we found a significant association between morphological divergence, coexistence and diet. Decomposing the correlation between morphological divergence and sympatry across dietary groups, our results revealed distinctive patterns consistent with both character convergence and divergence. Specifically, we found evidence of character convergence in herbivorous species and character divergence in omnivorous species.

          Main Conclusions

          Our results indicate that the morphological diversification of noctilionoid bats followed parallel evolutionary trajectories of directional (both divergent and stabilising) and nonselective evolution linked to dietary adaptations.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          La notable diversidad ecomorfológica de la superfamilia de murciélagos Noctilionoidea es el resultado de una radiación adaptativa mediada por la dieta. Partiendo de un ancestro tentativamente insectívoro, los murciélagos noctilionoideos se diversificaron para adaptarse a la mayor diversidad de dietas entre los mamíferos. La elevada concentración de diversidad de noctilionoideos en el Neotrópico plantea la pregunta de si las interacciones ecológicas competitivas influyeron en su diversificación. Sin embargo, los patrones de diversificación morfológica a lo largo de gradientes de coexistencia en Noctilionoidea están poco estudiados. Aquí evaluamos el efecto de las adaptaciones dietarias en los patrones de divergencia morfológica asociados a la coexistencia en murciélagos noctilionoideos.

          Ubicación

          América y el Caribe.

          Taxón

          Superfamilia Noctilionoidea.

          Métodos

          Utilizamos cinco rasgos morfológicos dentales y una muestra de 108 especies para cuantificar las distancias morfológicas entre pares de especies de noctilionoideos para revelar patrones de divergencia morfológica a lo largo de gradientes de solapamiento del área de distribución y similitud de dieta. Incorporamos información filogenética para controlar el efecto del parentesco entre especies sobre las distancias morfológicas.

          Resultados

          En general, encontramos una asociación significativa entre divergencia morfológica, coexistencia y dieta. Descomponiendo la correlación entre divergencia morfológica y simpatría entre grupos dietarios, nuestros resultados revelaron patrones distintivos consistentes tanto con la convergencia como con la divergencia de caracteres. Específicamente, encontramos evidencia de convergencia de caracteres en especies herbívoras y divergencia de caracteres en especies omnívoras.

          Conclusiones

          Nuestros resultados indican que la diversificación morfológica de los murciélagos noctilionoideos siguió trayectorias evolutivas paralelas de evolución direccional (tanto divergente como estabilizadora) y no selectiva ligadas a adaptaciones en la dieta.

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          Most cited references65

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          Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: A Review of Concepts

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            Grinnellian and Eltonian niches and geographic distributions of species.

            In the recent past, availability of large data sets of species presences has increased by orders of magnitude. This, together with developments in geographical information systems and statistical methods, has enabled scientists to calculate, for thousands of species, the environmental conditions of their distributional areas. The profiles thus obtained are obviously related to niche concepts in the Grinnell tradition, and separated from those in Elton's tradition. I argue that it is useful to define Grinnellian and Eltonian niches on the basis of the types of variables used to calculate them, the natural spatial scale at which they can be measured, and the dispersal of the individuals over the environment. I use set theory notation and analogies derived from population ecology theory to obtain formal definitions of areas of distribution and several types of niches. This brings clarity to several practical and fundamental questions in macroecology and biogeography.
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              Speciation dynamics during the global radiation of extant bats.

              Species richness varies widely across extant clades, but the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. We investigate the role of diversification rate heterogeneity in shaping patterns of diversity across families of extant bats. To provide a robust framework for macroevolutionary inference, we assemble a time-calibrated, species-level phylogeny using a supermatrix of mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. We analyze the phylogeny using a Bayesian method for modeling complex evolutionary dynamics. Surprisingly, we find that variation in family richness can largely be explained without invoking heterogeneous diversification dynamics. We document only a single well-supported shift in diversification dynamics across bats, occurring at the base of the subfamily Stenodermatinae. Bat diversity is phylogenetically imbalanced, but-contrary to previous hypotheses-this pattern is unexplained by any simple patterns of diversification rate heterogeneity. This discordance may indicate that diversification dynamics are more complex than can be captured using the statistical tools available for modeling data at this scale. We infer that bats as a whole are almost entirely united into one macroevolutionary cohort, with decelerating speciation through time. There is also a significant relationship between clade age and richness, suggesting that global bat diversity may still be expanding.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Biogeography
                Journal of Biogeography
                Wiley
                0305-0270
                1365-2699
                September 12 2023
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Scarborough Ontario Canada
                [2 ] Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
                Article
                10.1111/jbi.14724
                cabdf7e2-deb5-42c9-bd9f-cbaf15849e9a
                © 2023

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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