Multilayer-structured transparent MXene/PVDF film with excellent dielectric and energy storage performance

Author(s): Weiyan Li ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Zhongqian Song ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Jiaming Zhong ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Jing Qian ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Zhongyang Tan ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Xianyou Wu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Huiying Chu ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Wei Nie ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵ , Xianghai Ran ¹ ^, ² ^, ³ ^, ⁴ ^, ⁵

Publication date (Electronic): 2019

Journal: Journal of Materials Chemistry C

Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)

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Abstract

A novel multilayer-structured Ti ₃C ₂T _x MXene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) film with a high dielectric constant and ultralow dielectric loss is presented.

Abstract

Exploring polymer-based composites with a high dielectric constant and energy density simultaneously, as well as low dielectric loss, is of crucial importance because of their potential applications in modern electronics and electric power systems. Here, a multilayer-structured Ti ₃C ₂T _x MXene/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film with a high dielectric constant and ultralow dielectric loss is fabricated via spin coating, spray coating and hot-press methods. 4MXene/5PVDF (namely four layers of MXene and five layers of PVDF) exhibits a high dielectric constant (41) and an ultralow dielectric loss (0.028, smaller than that of pure PVDF) at 1 kHz. Surprisingly, the MXene/PVDF films show good broadband dielectric behaviors and the dielectric constant of 4MXene/5PVDF can reach up to 32.2 at 1 MHz, which can remain as high as 78.4% of that at 1 kHz. Based on the crystalline phase transformation and temperature dependence of electrical modulus results, the excellent dielectric properties are attributed to the enhanced interfacial polarization. The multilayered structure can efficiently prevent the formation of a conductive network across the entire film, leading to suppressed dielectric loss, a comparative breakdown strength with pure PVDF and a maximum discharge energy density of 7.4 J cm ⁻³. This work provides a promising design paradigm to construct polymer films with a high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss.

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Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide 'clay' with high volumetric capacitance.

Michael Ghidiu, Maria R. Lukatskaya, Meng-Qiang Zhao … (2014)

Safe and powerful energy storage devices are becoming increasingly important. Charging times of seconds to minutes, with power densities exceeding those of batteries, can in principle be provided by electrochemical capacitors--in particular, pseudocapacitors. Recent research has focused mainly on improving the gravimetric performance of the electrodes of such systems, but for portable electronics and vehicles volume is at a premium. The best volumetric capacitances of carbon-based electrodes are around 300 farads per cubic centimetre; hydrated ruthenium oxide can reach capacitances of 1,000 to 1,500 farads per cubic centimetre with great cyclability, but only in thin films. Recently, electrodes made of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2, a member of the 'MXene' family), produced by etching aluminium from titanium aluminium carbide (Ti3AlC2, a 'MAX' phase) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid, have been shown to have volumetric capacitances of over 300 farads per cubic centimetre. Here we report a method of producing this material using a solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid. The resulting hydrophilic material swells in volume when hydrated, and can be shaped like clay and dried into a highly conductive solid or rolled into films tens of micrometres thick. Additive-free films of this titanium carbide 'clay' have volumetric capacitances of up to 900 farads per cubic centimetre, with excellent cyclability and rate performances. This capacitance is almost twice that of our previous report, and our synthetic method also offers a much faster route to film production as well as the avoidance of handling hazardous concentrated hydrofluoric acid.

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Electromagnetic interference shielding with 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes)

F. Shahzad, M. Alhabeb, C. Hatter … (2016)

Materials with good flexibility and high conductivity that can provide electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding with minimal thickness are highly desirable, especially if they can be easily processed into films. Two-dimensional metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, combine metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces. Here, we demonstrate the potential of several MXenes and their polymer composites for EMI shielding. A 45-micrometer-thick Ti3C2Tx film exhibited EMI shielding effectiveness of 92 decibels (>50 decibels for a 2.5-micrometer film), which is the highest among synthetic materials of comparable thickness produced to date. This performance originates from the excellent electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx films (4600 Siemens per centimeter) and multiple internal reflections from Ti3C2Tx flakes in free-standing films. The mechanical flexibility and easy coating capability offered by MXenes and their composites enable them to shield surfaces of any shape while providing high EMI shielding efficiency.